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Grammar Analysis: Revelation 21:1-22:5

Final dwelling and unveiled sanctuary. The passage moves from new creation (21:1-8), to the bride-city shown from the high mountain (21:9-21), to the explicit sanctuary climax: no separate ναός is seen, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the city's sanctuary; no created lamp or sun is needed, because divine glory and the Lamb illumine it; the river and tree of life proceed from the throne of God and the Lamb; God's servants render priestly service, see His face, bear His name, and reign forever (21:22-22:5).

Method: Greek forms below come from D:/bible/tools/greek/greek_parser.py --verse "REV 21:1" through --verse "REV 22:5". KJV text comes from D:/bible/tools/data/kjv.txt. The KJV reflects the TR/KJV textual tradition at a few points where the parser text follows a different Greek base; those differences are preserved rather than harmonized.

Text

Greek parser text:

  • 21:1 Καὶ εἶδον οὐρανὸν καινὸν καὶ γῆν καινήν· ὁ γὰρ πρῶτος οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ πρώτη γῆ ἀπῆλθαν, καὶ ἡ θάλασσα οὐκ ἔστιν ἔτι.
  • 21:2 καὶ τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν Ἱερουσαλὴμ καινὴν εἶδον καταβαίνουσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἡτοιμασμένην ὡς νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς.
  • 21:3 καὶ ἤκουσα φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης Ἰδοὺ ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετ’ αὐτῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ λαοὶ αὐτοῦ ἔσονται, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς μετ’ αὐτῶν ἔσται,
  • 21:4 καὶ ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ ὁ θάνατος οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι, οὔτε πένθος οὔτε κραυγὴ οὔτε πόνος οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι· ὅτι τὰ πρῶτα ἀπῆλθαν.
  • 21:5 καὶ εἶπεν ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ Ἰδοὺ καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα. καὶ λέγει Γράψον, ὅτι οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν.
  • 21:6 καὶ εἶπέν μοι Γέγοναν. ἐγὼ τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος. ἐγὼ τῷ διψῶντι δώσω ἐκ τῆς πηγῆς τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς δωρεάν.
  • 21:7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα, καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ Θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς ἔσται μοι υἱός.
  • 21:8 τοῖς δὲ δειλοῖς καὶ ἀπίστοις καὶ ἐβδελυγμένοις καὶ φονεῦσιν καὶ πόρνοις καὶ φαρμάκοις καὶ εἰδωλολάτραις καὶ πᾶσιν τοῖς ψευδέσιν τὸ μέρος αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ, ὅ ἐστιν ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος.
  • 21:9 Καὶ ἦλθεν εἷς ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων τῶν ἐχόντων τὰς ἑπτὰ φιάλας, τῶν γεμόντων τῶν ἑπτὰ πληγῶν τῶν ἐσχάτων, καὶ ἐλάλησεν μετ’ ἐμοῦ λέγων Δεῦρο, δείξω σοι τὴν νύμφην τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀρνίου.
  • 21:10 καὶ ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι ἐπὶ ὄρος μέγα καὶ ὑψηλόν, καὶ ἔδειξέν μοι τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν Ἱερουσαλὴμ καταβαίνουσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ,
  • 21:11 ἔχουσαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ· ὁ φωστὴρ αὐτῆς ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι·
  • 21:12 ἔχουσα τεῖχος μέγα καὶ ὑψηλόν, ἔχουσα πυλῶνας δώδεκα, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς πυλῶσιν ἀγγέλους δώδεκα, καὶ ὀνόματα ἐπιγεγραμμένα, ἅ ἐστιν τῶν δώδεκα φυλῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ.
  • 21:13 ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς πυλῶνες τρεῖς, καὶ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ πυλῶνες τρεῖς, καὶ ἀπὸ νότου πυλῶνες τρεῖς, καὶ ἀπὸ δυσμῶν πυλῶνες τρεῖς.
  • 21:14 καὶ τὸ τεῖχος τῆς πόλεως ἔχων θεμελίους δώδεκα, καὶ ἐπ’ αὐτῶν δώδεκα ὀνόματα τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τοῦ Ἀρνίου.
  • 21:15 Καὶ ὁ λαλῶν μετ’ ἐμοῦ εἶχεν μέτρον κάλαμον χρυσοῦν, ἵνα μετρήσῃ τὴν πόλιν καὶ τοὺς πυλῶνας αὐτῆς καὶ τὸ τεῖχος αὐτῆς.
  • 21:16 καὶ ἡ πόλις τετράγωνος κεῖται, καὶ τὸ μῆκος αὐτῆς ὅσον τὸ πλάτος. καὶ ἐμέτρησεν τὴν πόλιν τῷ καλάμῳ ἐπὶ σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων· τὸ μῆκος καὶ τὸ πλάτος καὶ τὸ ὕψος αὐτῆς ἴσα ἐστίν.
  • 21:17 καὶ ἐμέτρησεν τὸ τεῖχος αὐτῆς ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν, μέτρον ἀνθρώπου, ὅ ἐστιν ἀγγέλου.
  • 21:18 καὶ ἡ ἐνδώμησις τοῦ τείχους αὐτῆς ἴασπις, καὶ ἡ πόλις χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὅμοιον ὑάλῳ καθαρῷ.
  • 21:19 οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους τῆς πόλεως παντὶ λίθῳ τιμίῳ κεκοσμημένοι· ὁ θεμέλιος ὁ πρῶτος ἴασπις, ὁ δεύτερος σάπφειρος, ὁ τρίτος χαλκηδών, ὁ τέταρτος σμάραγδος,
  • 21:20 ὁ πέμπτος σαρδόνυξ, ὁ ἕκτος σάρδιον, ὁ ἕβδομος χρυσόλιθος, ὁ ὄγδοος βήρυλλος, ὁ ἔνατος τοπάζιον, ὁ δέκατος χρυσόπρασος, ὁ ἑνδέκατος ὑάκινθος, ὁ δωδέκατος ἀμέθυστος.
  • 21:21 καὶ οἱ δώδεκα πυλῶνες δώδεκα μαργαρῖται· ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου. καὶ ἡ πλατεῖα τῆς πόλεως χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής.
  • 21:22 Καὶ ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ἐν αὐτῇ· ὁ γὰρ Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ὁ Παντοκράτωρ ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον.
  • 21:23 καὶ ἡ πόλις οὐ χρείαν ἔχει τοῦ ἡλίου οὐδὲ τῆς σελήνης, ἵνα φαίνωσιν αὐτῇ· ἡ γὰρ δόξα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐφώτισεν αὐτήν, καὶ ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον.
  • 21:24 καὶ περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς αὐτῆς, καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς φέρουσιν τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν εἰς αὐτήν·
  • 21:25 καὶ οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν ἡμέρας, νὺξ γὰρ οὐκ ἔσται ἐκεῖ·
  • 21:26 καὶ οἴσουσιν τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὴν τιμὴν τῶν ἐθνῶν εἰς αὐτήν.
  • 21:27 καὶ οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινὸν καὶ ὁ ποιῶν βδέλυγμα καὶ ψεῦδος, εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου.
  • 22:1 καὶ ἔδειξέν μοι ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς λαμπρὸν ὡς κρύσταλλον, ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἀρνίου.
  • 22:2 ἐν μέσῳ τῆς πλατείας αὐτῆς καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐκεῖθεν ξύλον ζωῆς ποιοῦν καρποὺς δώδεκα, κατὰ μῆνα ἕκαστον ἀποδιδοῦν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὰ φύλλα τοῦ ξύλου εἰς θεραπείαν τῶν ἐθνῶν.
  • 22:3 καὶ πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι. καὶ ὁ θρόνος τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἀρνίου ἐν αὐτῇ ἔσται, καὶ οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ,
  • 22:4 καὶ ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν.
  • 22:5 καὶ νὺξ οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι, καὶ οὐκ ἔχουσιν χρείαν φωτὸς λύχνου καὶ φωτὸς ἡλίου, ὅτι Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς φωτίσει ἐπ’ αὐτούς, καὶ βασιλεύσουσιν εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.

KJV:

  • 21:1 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.
  • 21:2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
  • 21:3 And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God [is] with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, [and be] their God.
  • 21:4 And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away.
  • 21:5 And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful.
  • 21:6 And he said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely.
  • 21:7 He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son.
  • 21:8 But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death.
  • 21:9 And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come hither, I will shew thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.
  • 21:10 And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and shewed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God,
  • 21:11 Having the glory of God: and her light [was] like unto a stone most precious, even like a jasper stone, clear as crystal;
  • 21:12 And had a wall great and high, [and] had twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and names written thereon, which are [the names] of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel:
  • 21:13 On the east three gates; on the north three gates; on the south three gates; and on the west three gates.
  • 21:14 And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
  • 21:15 And he that talked with me had a golden reed to measure the city, and the gates thereof, and the wall thereof.
  • 21:16 And the city lieth foursquare, and the length is as large as the breadth: and he measured the city with the reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length and the breadth and the height of it are equal.
  • 21:17 And he measured the wall thereof, an hundred [and] forty [and] four cubits, [according to] the measure of a man, that is, of the angel.
  • 21:18 And the building of the wall of it was [of] jasper: and the city [was] pure gold, like unto clear glass.
  • 21:19 And the foundations of the wall of the city [were] garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation [was] jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald;
  • 21:20 The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst.
  • 21:21 And the twelve gates [were] twelve pearls; every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city [was] pure gold, as it were transparent glass.
  • 21:22 And I saw no temple therein: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of it.
  • 21:23 And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb [is] the light thereof.
  • 21:24 And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into it.
  • 21:25 And the gates of it shall not be shut at all by day: for there shall be no night there.
  • 21:26 And they shall bring the glory and honour of the nations into it.
  • 21:27 And there shall in no wise enter into it any thing that defileth, neither [whatsoever] worketh abomination, or [maketh] a lie: but they which are written in the Lamb's book of life.
  • 22:1 And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.
  • 22:2 In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, [was there] the tree of life, which bare twelve [manner of] fruits, [and] yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree [were] for the healing of the nations.
  • 22:3 And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him:
  • 22:4 And they shall see his face; and his name [shall be] in their foreheads.
  • 22:5 And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever.

Focused Word-by-Word Parsing

The full parser run was verse-by-verse. This table preserves the forms carrying the passage's main grammatical argument: finite vision verbs, sanctuary/dwelling nouns, participles, negations, genitive chains, and future promises.

Ref Word Lemma Strong's Parsing Function
21:1 εἶδον ὁράω G3708 V-2AAI-1S Vision-mainline opener
21:1 οὐρανὸν καινὸν οὐρανός / καινός G3772 / G2537 N-ASM + A-ASM First accusative object of seeing
21:1 γῆν καινήν γῆ / καινός G1093 / G2537 N-ASF + A-ASF Second accusative object of seeing
21:1 ἀπῆλθαν ἀπέρχομαι G565 V-2AAI-3P Aorist disappearance of first heaven/earth
21:1 οὐκ ἔστιν ἔτι εἰμί / ἔτι G1510 / G2089 PRT-N + V-PAI-3S + ADV Present negated existence: "is no longer"
21:2 πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν πόλις / ἅγιος G4172 / G40 N-ASF + T-ASF + A-ASF Accusative object, attributive holy city
21:2 καινὴν καινός G2537 A-ASF Qualitative newness of Jerusalem
21:2 καταβαίνουσαν καταβαίνω G2597 V-PAP-ASF Present participle, city descending
21:2 ἡτοιμασμένην ἑτοιμάζω G2090 V-RPP-ASF Perfect passive participle, prepared state
21:2 κεκοσμημένην κοσμέω G2885 V-RPP-ASF Perfect passive participle, adorned state
21:3 ἤκουσα ἀκούω G191 V-AAI-1S Auditory vision-mainline
21:3 λεγούσης λέγω G3004 V-PAP-GSF Speech-introducing participle agreeing with φωνῆς
21:3 ἡ σκηνὴ σκηνή G4633 T-NSF + N-NSF Subject of verbless presentative clause
21:3 τοῦ Θεοῦ θεός G2316 T-GSM + N-GSM Genitive: God's tabernacle
21:3 μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων μετά / ἄνθρωπος G3326 / G444 PREP + T-GPM + N-GPM Accompaniment: with humans
21:3 σκηνώσει σκηνόω G4637 V-FAI-3S Future divine tabernacling
21:3 λαοὶ λαός G2992 N-NPM Plural "peoples" in parser text
21:3 ἔσονται / ἔσται εἰμί G1510 V-FDI-3P / V-FDI-3S Future covenant formula
21:4 ἐξαλείψει ἐξαλείφω G1813 V-FAI-3S Future removal of tears
21:4 οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι εἰμί / ἔτι G1510 / G2089 PRT-N + V-FDI-3S + ADV Future negated existence
21:4 οὔτε ... οὔτε ... οὔτε οὔτε G3777 CONJ-N Coordinated negated list
21:4 τὰ πρῶτα ἀπῆλθαν πρῶτος / ἀπέρχομαι G4413 / G565 A-NPN-S + V-2AAI-3P Former things passed away
21:5 ὁ καθήμενος κάθημαι G2521 T-NSM + V-PNP-NSM Substantival participle: the throne-sitter
21:5 καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα καινός / ποιέω / πᾶς G2537 / G4160 / G3956 A-APN + V-PAI-1S + A-APN Present divine action: making all things new
21:5 Γράψον γράφω G1125 V-AAM-2S Aorist imperative
21:6 Γέγοναν γίνομαι G1096 V-2RAI-3P Perfect: "they have come to be / are done"
21:6 ἐγὼ ἐγώ G1473 P-1NS Emphatic subject pronoun
21:6 Ἄλφα ... Ὦ ἄλφα / Ὦ G1 / G5598 N-LI Nominal self-identification
21:6 τῷ διψῶντι διψάω G1372 T-DSM + V-PAP-DSM Substantival present participle: the thirsty one
21:6 δώσω δίδωμι G1325 V-FAI-1S Future gift
21:6 πηγῆς τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς πηγή / ὕδωρ / ζωή G4077 / G5204 / G2222 N-GSF + N-GSN + N-GSF Genitive chain: fountain/water/life
21:7 ὁ νικῶν νικάω G3528 T-NSM + V-PAP-NSM Substantival participle: the overcoming one
21:7 κληρονομήσει κληρονομέω G2816 V-FAI-3S Future inheritance
21:7 ἔσομαι ... ἔσται εἰμί G1510 V-FDI-1S / V-FDI-3S Future covenant relation
21:8 ἐβδελυγμένοις βδελύσσομαι G948 V-RPP-DPM Perfect passive participle in vice list
21:8 τῇ καιομένῃ καίω G2545 T-DSF + V-PPP-DSF Present passive participle: burning lake
21:8 ὅ ἐστιν ὅς / εἰμί G3739 / G1510 R-NSN + V-PAI-3S Appositional identification
21:9 τῶν ἐχόντων ἔχω G2192 T-GPM + V-PAP-GPM Angel description
21:9 τῶν γεμόντων γέμω G1073 T-GPF + V-PAP-GPF Bowl description
21:9 λέγων λέγω G3004 V-PAP-NSM Speech-introducing participle
21:9 δείξω δείκνυμι G1166 V-FAI-1S Future showing
21:9 νύμφην τὴν γυναῖκα νύμφη / γυνή G3565 / G1135 N-ASF + T-ASF + N-ASF Appositional bride/wife
21:9 τοῦ ἀρνίου ἀρνίον G721 T-GSN + N-GSN Genitive: wife of the Lamb
21:10 ἀπήνεγκέν με ἀποφέρω / ἐγώ G667 / G1473 V-AAI-3S + P-1AS Visionary transport
21:10 ἐν Πνεύματι πνεῦμα G4151 PREP + N-DSN Visionary-state marker
21:10 ἔδειξέν μοι δείκνυμι / ἐγώ G1166 / G1473 V-AAI-3S + P-1DS Angelic showing
21:10 καταβαίνουσαν καταβαίνω G2597 V-PAP-ASF City descending, repeated from 21:2
21:11 ἔχουσαν ἔχω G2192 V-PAP-ASF Participial description of city
21:11 τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ δόξα / θεός G1391 / G2316 N-ASF + N-GSM Glory of God
21:11 ὁ φωστὴρ αὐτῆς φωστήρ / αὐτός G5458 / G846 N-NSM + P-GSF City's luminary
21:12 ἔχουσα ... ἔχουσα ἔχω G2192 V-PAP-NSF Repeated city-description participles
21:12 ἐπιγεγραμμένα ἐπιγράφω G1924 V-RPP-APN Names standing written
21:14 τῶν ἀποστόλων τοῦ Ἀρνίου ἀπόστολος / ἀρνίον G652 / G721 N-GPM + N-GSN Genitive chain: apostles of the Lamb
21:15 ἵνα μετρήσῃ ἵνα / μετρέω G2443 / G3354 CONJ + V-AAS-3S Purpose clause
21:16 τετράγωνος κεῖται τετράγωνος / κεῖμαι G5068 / G2749 A-NSF + V-PNI-3S City lies foursquare
21:16 τὸ μῆκος ... τὸ πλάτος ... τὸ ὕψος μῆκος / πλάτος / ὕψος G3372 / G4114 / G5311 N-NSN Three dimensions
21:16 ἴσα ἐστίν ἴσος / εἰμί G2470 / G1510 A-NPN + V-PAI-3S Equal dimensions
21:17 μέτρον ἀνθρώπου μέτρον / ἄνθρωπος G3358 / G444 N-ASN + N-GSM Genitive: human measure
21:17 ὅ ἐστιν ἀγγέλου ὅς / εἰμί / ἄγγελος G3739 / G1510 / G32 R-NSN + V-PAI-3S + N-GSM Appositional clarification
21:19 κεκοσμημένοι κοσμέω G2885 V-RPP-NPM Foundations standing adorned
21:21 ἦν εἰμί G1510 V-IAI-3S Imperfect in distributive gate statement
21:22 ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ναός / οὐ / ὁράω G3485 / G3756 / G3708 N-ASM + PRT-N + V-2AAI-1S Negated vision: no temple seen
21:22 ὁ Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ὁ Παντοκράτωρ κύριος / θεός / παντοκράτωρ G2962 / G2316 / G3841 N-NSM + N-NSM + N-NSM Articular divine title cluster
21:22 ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν ναός / αὐτός / εἰμί G3485 / G846 / G1510 N-NSM + P-GSF + V-PAI-3S Predicate nominative: city's sanctuary
21:22 τὸ Ἀρνίον ἀρνίον G721 T-NSN + N-NSN The Lamb joined to sanctuary predicate
21:23 οὐ χρείαν ἔχει χρεία / ἔχω G5532 / G2192 PRT-N + N-ASF + V-PAI-3S No need construction
21:23 ἵνα φαίνωσιν ἵνα / φαίνω G2443 / G5316 CONJ + V-PAS-3P Purpose/content clause: that they shine
21:23 ἡ δόξα τοῦ Θεοῦ δόξα / θεός G1391 / G2316 N-NSF + N-GSM Subject: glory of God
21:23 ἐφώτισεν φωτίζω G5461 V-AAI-3S Aorist illumination
21:23 ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον λύχνος / ἀρνίον G3088 / G721 N-NSM + N-NSN Elliptical nominal clause: Lamb as lamp
21:24 περιπατήσουσιν περιπατέω G4043 V-FAI-3P Future walking of nations
21:24 διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς αὐτῆς διά / φῶς G1223 / G5457 PREP + N-GSN By/through her light
21:24 φέρουσιν φέρω G5342 V-PAI-3P Present bringing
21:25 οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν κλείω G2808 PRT-N + PRT-N + V-APS-3P Emphatic negation with aorist passive subjunctive
21:25 νὺξ ... οὐκ ἔσται νύξ / εἰμί G3571 / G1510 N-NSF + V-FDI-3S No night there
21:26 οἴσουσιν φέρω G5342 V-FAI-3P Future bringing
21:27 οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰσέρχομαι G1525 PRT-N + PRT-N + V-2AAS-3S Emphatic negation with aorist subjunctive
21:27 πᾶν κοινὸν πᾶς / κοινός G3956 / G2839 A-NSN + A-NSN Nothing common/defiling
21:27 ὁ ποιῶν ποιέω G4160 T-NSM + V-PAP-NSM Substantival participle: the one doing
21:27 οἱ γεγραμμένοι γράφω G1125 T-NPM + V-RPP-NPM Written ones, perfect passive state
21:27 βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου βιβλίον / ζωή / ἀρνίον G975 / G2222 / G721 N-DSN + N-GSF + N-GSN Dative book + nested genitives
22:1 ἔδειξέν μοι δείκνυμι / ἐγώ G1166 / G1473 V-AAI-3S + P-1DS Angelic showing resumes
22:1 ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς ποταμός / ὕδωρ / ζωή G4215 / G5204 / G2222 N-ASM + N-GSN + N-GSF River/water/life genitive chain
22:1 ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκπορεύομαι G1607 V-PNP-ASM Present middle/passive participle: proceeding
22:1 θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἀρνίου θρόνος / θεός / ἀρνίον G2362 / G2316 / G721 N-GSM + N-GSM + N-GSN One throne sourced to God and Lamb
22:2 ξύλον ζωῆς ξύλον / ζωή G3586 / G2222 N-NSN + N-GSF Tree of life
22:2 ποιοῦν ποιέω G4160 V-PAP-NSN Present participle: bearing fruit
22:2 ἀποδιδοῦν ἀποδίδωμι G591 V-PAP-NSN Present participle: yielding fruit
22:2 εἰς θεραπείαν εἰς / θεραπεία G1519 / G2322 PREP + N-ASF Purpose/result: for healing
22:3 πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι κατάθεμα / εἰμί / ἔτι G2652 / G1510 / G2089 N-NSN + V-FDI-3S + ADV No curse anymore
22:3 ὁ θρόνος τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἀρνίου θρόνος / θεός / ἀρνίον G2362 / G2316 / G721 N-NSM + genitives Shared throne in the city
22:3 λατρεύσουσιν λατρεύω G3000 V-FAI-3P Future priestly service/worship
22:3 αὐτῷ αὐτός G846 P-DSM Singular dative object of service
22:4 ὄψονται ὁράω G3708 V-FDI-3P Future seeing
22:4 τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ πρόσωπον / αὐτός G4383 / G846 N-ASN + P-GSM Singular face
22:4 τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ὄνομα / αὐτός G3686 / G846 N-NSN + P-GSM Singular name
22:4 ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων ἐπί / μέτωπον G1909 / G3359 PREP + N-GPN Name upon foreheads
22:5 οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι εἰμί / ἔτι G1510 / G2089 PRT-N + V-FDI-3S + ADV No night anymore
22:5 οὐκ ἔχουσιν χρείαν ἔχω / χρεία G2192 / G5532 PRT-N + V-PAI-3P + N-ASF No need construction repeated
22:5 φωτίσει φωτίζω G5461 V-FAI-3S Future divine illumination
22:5 βασιλεύσουσιν βασιλεύω G936 V-FAI-3P Future reign
22:5 εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων αἰών G165 PREP + N-APM + N-GPM Idiom of endless duration

Key Grammatical Features

1. καὶ εἶδον / καὶ ἤκουσα / ἔδειξέν μοι — vision-report mainline

  • Forms: εἶδον appears at 21:1, 21:2, and 21:22 (V-2AAI-1S); ἤκουσα at 21:3 (V-AAI-1S); ἔδειξέν μοι at 21:10 and 22:1 (V-AAI-3S + dative pronoun).
  • Function: The aorist indicatives present the seer's received scenes as bounded vision units. They do not, by grammar alone, require that every image is chronologically subsequent to the previous one; they mark the visionary report's mainline.
  • Passage significance: 21:22 is framed with the same seer-verb as 21:1-2: "I saw no temple." The absence of a separate sanctuary is not an aside; it is a reported object of the final vision.
  • Grammar references: vision-introduction-formulas; aorist-active-indicative-narrative-chain.

2. ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι ἐπὶ ὄρος — final visionary transposition

  • Form: ἀπήνεγκέν (V-AAI-3S) + με (P-1AS) + ἐν Πνεύματι (PREP + N-DSN) + ἐπὶ ὄρος (PREP + N-ASN).
  • Function: This is the fourth Revelation "in Spirit" macro-frame. The seer is transported in the visionary state to the high mountain, paralleling the wilderness transposition of 17:3 but reversing the vision-object from harlot-city to bride-city.
  • Passage significance: The high mountain vantage introduces the holy Jerusalem as an eschatological sanctuary-city. Grammar marks the scene as visionary transposition, not ordinary geographical travel.
  • Grammar references: en-pneumati-visionary-transposition; vision-introduction-formulas.

3. καταβαίνουσαν ... ἡτοιμασμένην ... κεκοσμημένην — the city as descending prepared bride

  • Forms: καταβαίνουσαν (V-PAP-ASF) modifies τὴν πόλιν / Ἱερουσαλὴμ; ἡτοιμασμένην (V-RPP-ASF) and κεκοσμημένην (V-RPP-ASF) describe her as already prepared and adorned.
  • Function: The present participle καταβαίνουσαν portrays the city in the act/state of descent within the vision. The perfect passive participles foreground resultant state: the city stands prepared and adorned because of prior action done to her.
  • Passage significance: The bride-city is not presented as self-made. Its readiness is grammatically passive and stative. The sanctuary-city descends "out of heaven from God" (ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ), grounding its origin in divine action.
  • Grammar reference: participle-perfect-passive-state.
  • Word studies: G2537-kainos; gap flagged for G2597 καταβαίνω, G2090 ἑτοιμάζω, and G2885 κοσμέω.

4. ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ... σκηνώσει — tabernacle as final divine dwelling

  • Forms: ἡ σκηνὴ (T-NSF + N-NSF) stands in a verbless presentative clause after Ἰδοὺ; τοῦ Θεοῦ is a genitive of possession/source/association; μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων marks accompaniment; σκηνώσει is future active indicative (V-FAI-3S).
  • Function: The noun σκηνή and verb σκηνόω form a lexical pair: "the tabernacle of God [is] with men, and he will tabernacle/dwell with them." The future verb extends the presentative claim into permanent covenantal realization.
  • Passage significance: In sanctuary-service synthesis, 21:3 is the thesis statement for the whole final scene. The sanctuary's end is not merely access to a holy building but God's own tent-presence with humanity.
  • Word studies: G4633-skene; G4637-skenoo; G444-anthropos.

5. Γέγοναν ... ποιῶ πάντα καινά — completed new-creation decree and ongoing divine making

  • Forms: Γέγοναν (V-2RAI-3P) is perfect active indicative, "they have come to be / are done"; ποιῶ (V-PAI-1S) is present active indicative; καινά πάντα are accusative neuter plural objects.
  • Function: The perfect Γέγοναν presents the decree as accomplished with abiding result. The present ποιῶ portrays the throne-sitter's action as active and immediate within the announcement: "I make all things new."
  • Passage significance: The new heaven/new earth and the final sanctuary-city are not merely future scenery. Grammatically, the throne speech declares the consummation as accomplished and the divine new-making as the controlling present reality.
  • Grammar references: tense-perfect-indicative; tense-present-active-indicative.
  • Word studies: G1096-ginomai; G2537-kainos; G4160-poieo.

6. ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ... Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ὁ Παντοκράτωρ ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον

  • Forms: ναὸν (N-ASM) is fronted before οὐκ εἶδον (PRT-N + V-2AAI-1S); ναὸς (N-NSM) is predicate nominative with ἐστιν (V-PAI-3S); the divine title cluster is articular and nominative; τὸ Ἀρνίον (T-NSN + N-NSN) is coordinated after the predicate clause.
  • Function: The first clause negates a seen object: "a temple I did not see in her." The γάρ clause gives the explanation: the city's sanctuary is the Lord God Almighty, with the Lamb joined in the same sanctuary identity. The singular ἐστιν does not diminish the Lamb; Greek can use singular agreement where a compound subject is conceived as a unity or where the second nominative is appended epexegetically.
  • Passage significance: Grammatically, ναός is not abolished as a concept; it is relocated from structure to divine presence. The final sanctuary is personal: God and the Lamb are the city's sanctuary.
  • Word studies: G3485-naos; G721-arnion.

7. ἡ δόξα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐφώτισεν ... ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον ... φωτίσει

  • Forms: 21:23 uses οὐ χρείαν ἔχει (V-PAI-3S) plus genitives τοῦ ἡλίου / τῆς σελήνης; ἵνα φαίνωσιν is present active subjunctive (V-PAS-3P) after ἵνα; ἐφώτισεν is aorist active indicative (V-AAI-3S); ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον is an elliptical nominal clause. 22:5 repeats the no-need construction and shifts to φωτίσει (V-FAI-3S).
  • Function: The created light-bearers are syntactically unnecessary for the city. The explanatory γάρ/ὅτι clauses identify the true illumination: God's glory has illumined it, the Lamb is its lamp, and the Lord God will illumine His servants.
  • Passage significance: This is sanctuary-light language transposed to the final dwelling. The lampstand/created luminaries yield to God's glory and the Lamb as the direct source and vessel of light.
  • Word studies: G1391-doxa; G5457-phos; G721-arnion.

8. ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς ... ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἀρνίου

  • Forms: ποταμὸν (N-ASM) is the object of ἔδειξέν; ὕδατος ζωῆς is a nested genitive chain; ἐκπορευόμενον (V-PNP-ASM) modifies ποταμὸν; ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου marks source; τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἀρνίου are coordinated genitives depending on θρόνου.
  • Function: The present participle ἐκπορευόμενον portrays the river as proceeding from the throne in the vision. The single throne is genitively related to both God and the Lamb.
  • Passage significance: The water of life is not merely located in the city; it issues from the shared throne. Sanctuary, kingship, life, and Lamb theology converge in one genitive chain.
  • Word studies: G2362-thronos; G2222-zoe; G721-arnion.
  • Gaps: canonical word studies for G4215 ποταμός, G5204 ὕδωρ, and G1607 ἐκπορεύομαι would help future studies.

9. ξύλον ζωῆς ποιοῦν ... ἀποδιδοῦν ... εἰς θεραπείαν τῶν ἐθνῶν

  • Forms: ξύλον ζωῆς is nominative with genitive ζωῆς; ποιοῦν (V-PAP-NSN) and ἀποδιδοῦν (V-PAP-NSN) are present active participles agreeing with ξύλον; εἰς θεραπείαν is a purpose/result prepositional phrase; τῶν ἐθνῶν is an objective/recipient genitive with θεραπείαν.
  • Function: The tree is characterized by continuous fruit-bearing and fruit-yielding. The leaves are directed "unto healing" for the nations.
  • Passage significance: Edenic tree imagery is placed inside the final sanctuary-city and tied to the nations' healing. The grammar stresses ongoing provision, not a one-time act.
  • Word studies: G3586-xylon; G2222-zoe.

10. οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν / οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ — emphatic negation at the gates

  • Forms: 21:25 οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν combines οὐ μή with aorist passive subjunctive (V-APS-3P); 21:27 οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ combines οὐ μή with second-aorist active subjunctive (V-2AAS-3S).
  • Function: οὐ μή + subjunctive is emphatic future-oriented denial: the gates shall certainly not be shut; nothing common/defiling shall certainly enter.
  • Passage significance: The city is permanently open and permanently pure. Access and exclusion are both stated with the strongest negation pattern in the passage.
  • Grammar gap: no canonical οὐ μή + subjunctive entry is present yet. Existing related contrast note appears in purpose-clause-hina-me-aorist-subjunctive, but Revelation 21:25, 27 need their own emphatic-negation reference.

11. λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ ... ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ... τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ

  • Forms: λατρεύσουσιν (V-FAI-3P) takes singular dative αὐτῷ; ὄψονται (V-FDI-3P) takes τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ; τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ is nominative in an verbless clause with ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν.
  • Function: The servants render future cultic service/worship to a singular referent, see His singular face, and bear His singular name. In immediate context, that singular reference follows "the throne of God and of the Lamb."
  • Passage significance: The grammar joins priestly service, beatific sight, covenant ownership, and royal reign. In the final sanctuary, servants are not outside the veil: they see His face.
  • Word studies: gap flagged for G3000 λατρεύω and G4383 πρόσωπον; G2362-thronos; G721-arnion.

12. βασιλεύσουσιν εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων — servants as eternal reigners

  • Forms: βασιλεύσουσιν (V-FAI-3P) is future active indicative; εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων is the standard accusative + genitive idiom of endless duration.
  • Function: The subjects are the servants who serve, see, and bear the name. The passage ends by identifying them also as those who reign.
  • Passage significance: Final sanctuary service is not servile exclusion from rule; it is priestly-royal participation under the throne of God and the Lamb.
  • Word study gap: G936 βασιλεύω would be useful for the royal dimension of final sanctuary service.

Clause Structure

New Creation and Covenant Dwelling (21:1-8)

  1. Vision object: καὶ εἶδον + double accusative object: οὐρανὸν καινὸν / γῆν καινήν.
  2. Grounding explanation: γάρ explains the newness by the passing away of the first heaven and earth.
  3. Bride-city object: τὴν πόλιν ... εἶδον + participial modifiers: καταβαίνουσαν, ἡτοιμασμένην, κεκοσμημένην.
  4. Auditory proclamation: ἤκουσα φωνῆς ... λεγούσης introduces direct divine/celestial speech.
  5. Covenant formula: ἡ σκηνὴ ... μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων + σκηνώσει + λαοὶ ... ἔσονται + Θεὸς ... ἔσται.
  6. Negated former order: οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι repeated with death, mourning, crying, pain; ὅτι explains with τὰ πρῶτα ἀπῆλθαν.
  7. Throne speech: ὁ καθήμενος ... εἶπεν + present making (ποιῶ), aorist command (Γράψον), perfect consummation (Γέγοναν), and future gift/inheritance.

Bride-City Shown from the Mountain (21:9-21)

  1. Angel introduction: εἷς ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων + participial descriptors τῶν ἐχόντων / τῶν γεμόντων.
  2. Speech invitation: ἐλάλησεν ... λέγων + Δεῦρο, δείξω.
  3. Visionary transport: ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι ἐπὶ ὄρος.
  4. City display: ἔδειξέν μοι τὴν πόλιν ... καταβαίνουσαν ... ἔχουσαν.
  5. Name and structure: repeated ἔχουσα clauses, perfect passive ἐπιγεγραμμένα, foundation/gate lists, and repeated numerals.
  6. Measurement: ἵνα μετρήσῃ purpose clause, followed by finite aorists ἐμέτρησεν and nominal dimension clauses.
  7. Cubic statement: τὸ μῆκος καὶ τὸ πλάτος καὶ τὸ ὕψος αὐτῆς ἴσα ἐστίν. Grammatically this is the passage's strongest geometric statement. It supports sanctuary-service comparison with the Most Holy Place as a theological synthesis, while the grammar itself only asserts equal length, breadth, and height.

No Temple, Divine Light, Open Gates, Pure Entry (21:22-27)

  1. Negated vision: ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ἐν αὐτῇ.
  2. Explanatory predicate: γάρ + nominative divine title cluster + predicate ναὸς + ἐστιν + coordinated Lamb.
  3. No-need light clause: πόλις οὐ χρείαν ἔχει + genitives of sun/moon + ἵνα φαίνωσιν.
  4. True light explanation: γάρ + δόξα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐφώτισεν + nominal clause identifying the Lamb as lamp.
  5. Nations and kings: future περιπατήσουσιν and present/future φέρουσιν / οἴσουσιν bringing glory into the city.
  6. Gate negation: οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν.
  7. Purity negation: οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ + πᾶν κοινὸν / ὁ ποιῶν, except οἱ γεγραμμένοι in the Lamb's book of life.

River, Tree, Throne, Face, Name, Reign (22:1-5)

  1. Showing verb: ἔδειξέν μοι resumes the angelic display from 21:10.
  2. River object: ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς + adjectival λαμπρόν + simile ὡς κρύσταλλον.
  3. Source participle: ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἀρνίου.
  4. Tree clause: ξύλον ζωῆς + present participles ποιοῦν / ἀποδιδοῦν + εἰς θεραπείαν.
  5. No curse: πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι.
  6. Throne located: θρόνος ... ἐν αὐτῇ ἔσται.
  7. Servants' future: λατρεύσουσιν, ὄψονται, name upon foreheads, φωτίσει, βασιλεύσουσιν.

Sanctuary-Service Synthesis

The grammar of Revelation 21:1-22:5 supports a final-sanctuary reading by accumulation rather than by one isolated word.

  • Dwelling thesis: ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων and σκηνώσει state that God's tabernacle and tabernacling are now with humanity.
  • Structural transformation: ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον does not negate God's sanctuary presence; the γάρ clause explains that the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the sanctuary.
  • Most-Holy geometry: τετράγωνος and the equal μῆκος / πλάτος / ὕψος give the city a cubic shape. Grammar establishes the cube; sanctuary theology recognizes the Most Holy Place resonance.
  • Light replacement: created light sources are grammatically unnecessary because God's glory and the Lamb's lamp-function illumine the city.
  • Throne source: the river proceeds from the throne of God and the Lamb. Life flows from the center of rule and worship.
  • Priestly access: λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ plus ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ moves servants from mediated worship to direct face-to-face service.
  • Name-bearing: τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν marks covenant ownership and priestly identity in the final state.
  • Royal outcome: βασιλεύσουσιν closes the sanctuary scene with reign, not mere residence.

Cross-References

Grammar library:

Word studies present:

Useful gaps for future canonical entries:

  • Grammar: οὐ μή + subjunctive emphatic negation; predicate nominative with compound/divine subject; genitive chains in apocalyptic sanctuary imagery.
  • Word studies: G3000 λατρεύω, G4383 πρόσωπον, G4215 ποταμός, G5204 ὕδωρ, G1607 ἐκπορεύομαι, G936 βασιλεύω, G2597 καταβαίνω, G2885 κοσμέω.