TR: ʻâshân → kapnós (Smoke)

The Chain

Hebrew OT             LXX (Greek OT)          Greek NT
──────────────        ───────────────         ─────────────
עָשָׁן (ʻâshân)   →  καπνός (kapnós)      →  καπνός (kapnós)
H6227, 24x in OT      LXX co-occ: 20x         11 verses (Acts + Revelation)
"smoke"               PMI: 30.28

OT Usage (Hebrew)

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
H6227	עָשָׁן (ʻâshân)	24	smoke, literally or figuratively (vapor, dust, anger)
H6225	עָשַׁן (ʻâshan)	verb form	to smoke, emit smoke

Key OT passages: - Gen 15:17 — "behold a smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between those pieces" — covenantal theophany; smoke as divine presence - Exod 19:18 — "And mount Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire: and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace" — theophanic smoke at Sinai - 2 Sam 22:9 / Ps 18:8 — "There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth devoured" — divine warrior imagery; smoke as expression of divine wrath - Isa 6:4 — "the house was filled with smoke" — temple theophany; inaccessible presence (cf. Rev 15:8) - Isa 34:10 — smoke of Edom's judgment: "the smoke thereof shall go up for ever" — eternal-smoke judgment (cf. Rev 14:11; 19:3)

[H6227-ashan canonical study: TODO(need H6227 study)]

LXX Bridge

Hebrew	Greek Translation	Co-occ	PMI	Notes
ʻâshân (H6227)	καπνός (G2586)	20x	30.28	Primary equivalent — consistent and stable
ʻâshân (H6227)	πῦρ (G4442, fire)	10x	11.23	Fire and smoke naturally co-occur
ʻâshân (H6227)	ἀναβαίνω (G305, ascend)	7x	7.85	The rising action of smoke captured as verb
ʻâshân (H6227)	ἄνθραξ (G440, charcoal/coal)	3x	9.39	Occasional rendering for burning/glowing coals

Semantic continuity: LXX translates עָשָׁן as καπνός directly and with high PMI (30.28). No semantic shift occurs — the image of ascending smoke, divine presence, and judgment carries over intact. The LXX choice of καπνός over ἀτμίς (vapor, mist) preserves the combustion-specific meaning.

NT Usage (Greek)

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
G2586	καπνός (kapnós)	11	smoke — visible product of combustion

Key NT passages: - Acts 2:19 — Peter quotes Joel 2:30 (LXX Joel 3:3): "blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke" — the OT apocalyptic sign cluster imported verbatim from the LXX; the only non-Revelation NT use - Rev 8:4 — "the smoke of the incense… ascended up before God" — echoes Exod 30 and Isa 6:4 incense/temple imagery - Rev 9:2 — "there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace" — echoes Gen 19:28 (Sodom) and Exod 19:18 (Sinai furnace) - Rev 14:11 — "the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever" — fulfillment of Isa 34:10 eternal-smoke judgment

[G2586-kapnos canonical study: G2586-kapnos.md]

Direct OT→NT Quotations

NT Verse	Quotes OT	Shared Word	Significance
Acts 2:19	Joel 2:30 (LXX Joel 3:3)	ʻâshân → καπνός	Peter quotes Joel's apocalyptic triad verbatim via LXX; direct lexical chain
Rev 9:2	Gen 19:28; Exod 19:18	furnace smoke imagery	Allusion — no direct quotation, but the "great furnace" echoes Sinai and Sodom smoke
Rev 14:11	Isa 34:10	"smoke goeth up for ever"	Typological fulfillment — Edom's perpetual smoke becomes the eternal torment marker

Continuity and Shifts

What stays the same across testaments: - The core meaning — smoke from fire — is identical in Hebrew, LXX, and NT - The divine presence / theophany association (Sinai → Isa 6 → Rev 15:8) carries through - The judgment pairing of fire and smoke (2 Sam 22:9; Ps 18:8 → Rev 9:17-18; Acts 2:19) - The ascending motion: smoke rising upward as sign, witness, or worship (Lev 1:9 → Rev 8:4; 14:11)

What shifts: - OT ʻâshân includes poetic and proverbial uses — "as smoke to the eyes" (Prov 10:26); "as smoke is driven away" (Ps 68:2) — NT kapnós has no such figurative uses; it is strictly literal - OT usage spreads across historical, poetic, and prophetic books (24 verses, multiple books); NT kapnós concentrates almost entirely in Revelation (10 of 11 uses), showing its role has narrowed to eschatological discourse - The eternal-smoke motif (Isa 34:10) present in seed form in the OT becomes explicit and repeated in Revelation (Rev 14:11; 19:3)

---

Generated from: gather_trace_data.py Last updated: 2026-04-02