TR: rûwm → hupsŏō (Exaltation)

The Chain

Hebrew OT               LXX (Greek OT)            Greek NT
───────────────         ────────────────           ────────
רוּם (rûwm)          →  ὑψόω (hupsŏō)          →  ὑψόω (hupsŏō)
H7311, 184x OT           86x as translation         16x in NT
"be high, exalt"         of rûwm in LXX             "exalt, lift up"

OT Usage (Hebrew)

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
H7311	רוּם (rûwm)	184	be high, rise, raise, exalt, offer (heave)
H7312	רוּם (rûwm)	(noun)	haughtiness, height (abstract noun)
H7313	רוּם (rûwm)	(Aramaic verb)	to exalt (Aramaic counterpart)

Key OT passages: - 1 Sam 2:7–8 — "he bringeth low, and lifteth up; he raiseth up the poor out of the dust, lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill" (Hannah's Song — God as sovereign exalter) - Isa 52:13 — "my servant shall deal prudently, he shall be exalted (rûwm) and extolled (nâsâʼ), and be very high (gâbahh)" (Servant Song — three lifting verbs together) - Ps 99:5 — "Exalt ye the LORD our God, and worship at his footstool; for he is holy" - Ps 57:5 — "Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens; let thy glory be above all the earth"

[Canonical word study: H7311-ruwm.md]

LXX Bridge

Hebrew	Greek Translation	Co-occ	PMI	Notes
rûwm (H7311)	ὑψόω G5312	86x	6.11	Primary equivalent; both literal and honorific
rûwm (H7311)	ὑψηλός G5308	23x	4.13	Adjectival form: "lofty, high"
rûwm (H7311)	ἐπαίρω G1869	10x	4.39	Physical raising (hand, head, eyes)

Semantic continuity: The LXX translator consistently used the ὑψ- root family (hupsoo, hupsēlos, hupsistos, hupsos) to render rûwm and its cognate forms. This created a coherent Greek lexical family that NT writers inherited wholesale.

Note on reverse direction: G5312 ὑψόω also renders H1361 gâbahh (22x), H1431 gâdal (16x), and H7682 sâgab (5x) in the LXX — meaning a NT occurrence of ὑψόω may evoke any of these Hebrew concepts, not rûwm alone.

NT Usage (Greek)

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
G5312	ὑψόω (hupsŏō)	16	elevate, exalt (literal or figurative)
G5308	ὑψηλός (hupsēlŏs)	(related adj.)	high, lofty
G5311	ὕψος (hupsŏs)	(related noun)	height, high place
G5310	ὕψιστος (hupsistŏs)	(related superlative)	Most High

Key NT passages: - John 3:14 — "as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up" (ὑψόω — physical rûwm of Num 21 becomes soteriological type) - John 8:28; 12:32–34 — "when ye have lifted up the Son of man" / "I, if I be lifted up...will draw all men unto me" (crucifixion/glorification as supreme ὑψόω) - Acts 2:33 — "being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost" (resurrection exaltation) - Phil 2:9 — "God also hath highly exalted him" (uses ὑπερυψόω, compound form — above all height) - Luke 1:52 — "he hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree" (direct echo of Hannah's Song, 1 Sam 2:7–8) - Jas 4:10; 1 Pet 5:6 — "Humble yourselves...and he shall lift you up" (rûwm's inversion pattern: proud brought low, lowly exalted)

Direct OT→NT Allusions

NT Verse	Alludes to OT	Shared Root	Significance
Luke 1:52	1 Sam 2:7–8	rûwm → ὑψόω	Mary's Magnificat echoes Hannah's Song: God inverts the social order
John 3:14	Num 21:9	rûwm (lifted up) → ὑψόω	Bronze serpent type for the crucifixion
Acts 2:33	Ps 110:1	rûwm → ὑψόω	Resurrection exaltation to right hand of God
Jas 4:10; 1 Pet 5:6	Prov 29:23; Ps 147:6	rûwm → ὑψόω	The humble exalted by God — OT wisdom pattern in NT parenesis

Continuity and Shifts

What stays the same: - The core semantic field of elevation — literal height, raising an object, conferring honor — transfers intact from Hebrew rûwm to Greek ὑψόω - The divine-sovereignty pattern ("God brings low and raises up") is consistent from Hannah (1 Sam 2) through Mary's Magnificat (Luke 1) to James 4:10 and 1 Peter 5:6 - The worship formula "be exalted" (Ps 57:5, 11; 108:5) finds NT counterpart in the Christ-hymn of Philippians 2:9–11 - Human self-exaltation as pride inviting divine reversal (Deut 8:14; Hos 13:6; Dan 11:36) continues in Matt 23:12: "whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased"

What shifts: - NT ὑψόω concentrates on Christological exaltation — the cross and resurrection as the supreme and definitive "lifting up" — a theological development extending beyond OT rûwm's range - The heave-offering usage (~20 OT verses where rûwm = ritual elevation of a sacrificial portion) has no NT counterpart in ὑψόω; that sacrificial imagery migrates into other NT vocabulary - In John 3:14; 8:28; 12:32, crucifixion itself becomes the supreme ὑψόω event, inverting ordinary honor-elevation into suffering-then-glory — a paradox without direct precedent in the OT uses of rûwm

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Generated from: gather_trace_data.py H7311, search_strongs.py Last updated: 2026-04-02