H7429 — רָמַס (râmas)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: H7429
Original: רָמַס
Transliteration: râmas (râmaç)
Pronunciation: raw-mas'
Part of Speech: Verb (primitive root)
Occurrences: 19 verses / 20 tokens in OT
Books: 8 (Isaiah, 2 Kings, Daniel, Ezekiel, Psalms, 2 Chronicles, Micah, Nahum)
First Occurrence: 2 Kgs 7:17 — "the people trode upon him in the gate, and he died"
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

A primitive root; to tread upon (as a potter, in walking, or abusively) — "oppressor, stamp upon, trample (under feet), tread (down, upon)." The base image is the physical action of the foot pressing down on something beneath it: mud for a potter, enemies in battle, grapes in a winepress, or pasture underfoot.

Verb Stem Distribution¶

Stem	Count	Form Types	Typical Meaning
Qal	19	Perf, Impf, Wayq, Impv, InfCon, Ptcp	active: tread, trample, stamp upon
Niphal	1	Impf (Isa 28:3)	passive: be trodden under feet

(Tallied from hebrew_parser.py --lemma רמס output; 19 of 20 tokens are Qal, one Niphal.)

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation Family	Verses	%
tread / trode / treadeth	11	58%
trample / trample under feet	2	11%
stamp upon	2	11%
trode under foot / trode upon him	2	11%
shall be trodden (Niphal)	1	5%
oppressors (Ptcp, Isa 16:4)	1	5%

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
Nahum	1	2.1
Micah	1	1.0
2 Kings	4	0.6
Daniel	2	0.6
Isaiah	6	0.5
Ezekiel	2	0.2
2 Chronicles	1	0.1
Psalms	2	0.1

Highly concentrated in the classical prophets (Isaiah + Ezekiel + Daniel + Micah + Nahum = 12/19, ~63%). Isaiah alone carries nearly a third of all occurrences. Absent from the Pentateuch, historical books of the early monarchy (aside from 2 Kings narrative), the Writings apart from two Psalms passages, and the Latter Prophets after Nahum. The word is overwhelmingly an instrument of prophetic oracle language.

Semantic Categories¶

1. Literal Trampling Under Foot (Narrative / Concrete)¶

2 Kgs 7:17 — "the people trode upon him in the gate, and he died" (the unbelieving officer crushed in the food stampede)
2 Kgs 7:20 — "the people trode upon him in the gate, and he died"
2 Kgs 9:33 — Jezebel: "he trode her under foot" (horses trampling her corpse)
Nah 3:14 — "tread the morter, make strong the brickkiln" (potter/builder action, idiomatic for preparing clay)

2. Military Conquest and Desolation¶

Dan 8:7 — "he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him" (he-goat crushing the ram)
Dan 8:10 — "cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them" (the little horn's attack on the host of heaven)
Isa 41:25 — "he shall come upon princes as upon morter, and as the potter treadeth clay" (Cyrus/deliverer trampling nations)
Eze 26:11 — "with the hoofs of his horses shall he tread down all thy streets" (Nebuchadnezzar against Tyre)
Mic 5:8 — Jacob "as a young lion among the flocks of sheep, who... treadeth down, and teareth in pieces"

3. Divine Judgment and the Winepress of Wrath¶

Isa 63:3 — "I have trodden the winepress alone... I will tread them in mine anger, and trample them in my fury" (YHWH treading the nations)
Isa 26:6 — "The foot shall tread it down, even the feet of the poor" (reversal — the humble trample the high city)
Isa 28:3 — Niphal: "The crown of pride, the drunkards of Ephraim, shall be trodden under feet" (covenant-curse against Samaria)

4. Oppression of the Weak¶

Isa 16:4 — "the oppressors" (hā-rōmēs — the active participle as a substantive; one who tramples others)
Eze 34:18 — "ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your pastures" (shepherds who trample what sheep could still eat)
Eze 34:19 — mirmās: sheep "eat that which ye have trodden with your feet" (nominal derivative, same semantic field)

5. Cultic Abuse / Profanation¶

Isa 1:12 — "who hath required this at your hand, to tread my courts?" (YHWH rejecting empty cultic procession; feet that should revere instead profane)
2 Chr 25:18 / 2 Kgs 14:9 — fable of the wild beast that "trode down the thistle" (taunt of contempt)

6. Triumph of the Righteous / Protection Psalms¶

Ps 7:5 — "let him tread down my life upon the earth" (imprecatory conditional self-curse)
Ps 91:13 — "the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet" (promise of victory over the enemy)

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
אֶרֶץ (ʼerets) "earth/land"	H776	5× (26%)	target of trampling; "cast down to the ground and trampled" (Dan 8:7, 10)
עַם (ʻam) "people"	H5971	5× (26%)	either agent (the people trampling) or victim (nations trampled)
רֶגֶל (regel) "foot"	H7272	3× (16%)	"trample with feet" — instrument phrase (Isa 26:6; Eze 34:18)
יָד (yâd) "hand"	H3027	3× (16%)	parallel bodily-instrument language in judgment contexts
מֶלֶךְ (melek) "king"	H4428	3× (16%)	royal/military agent of trampling (conquest oracles)
עָבַר (ʻâbar) "pass over/through"	H5674	3× (16%)	invasion sequence: pass through, then trample
חַי (chay) "living"	H2416	3× (16%)	often in contexts of life cut short by trampling
פָּנִים (pânîym) "face/presence"	H6440	3× (16%)	"trampled before the face of…" — honor/shame register
אֶרֶז (ʼerez) "cedar"	H730	2× (11%)	thistle-vs-cedar fable (2 Kgs 14:9 / 2 Chr 25:18)

The collocation profile is military and judicial: land, people, king, foot, passing-through-and-trampling. This is the vocabulary of conquest and covenant curse (Deut 28), not of ordinary walking.

Word Family / Cognates¶

H4823 מִרְמָס (mirmâs) — masculine noun formed on the same root: "trampling," "a trampled place," "what has been trodden down." 7 verses, 4 books. Paired directly with the verb in Isa/Eze/Dan: Isa 5:5 (vineyard given to trampling); Isa 7:25; Isa 10:6 (Assyria to "tread them down like the mire"); Isa 28:18 ("when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by it," paralleled with the broken covenant with death); Eze 34:19 (what the bad shepherds have trampled); Mic 7:10 ("trodden down as the mire of the streets"); Dan 8:13 — the sanctuary and host given as mirmās, "to be trodden under foot."
The verb/noun pair functions as a technical prophetic word-pair: the act (רָמַס) and the resulting condition (מִרְמָס) of subjugation.

Synonyms¶

No direct synonyms were returned by search_relationships.py for H7429.

Antonyms¶

No antonyms were returned by search_relationships.py for H7429.

Easily Confused / Overlapping Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
בּוּס (bûs)	H947	"tread down"	More forceful verb of subjugation; often paired as synonym (e.g., Isa 63:6 uses H947 alongside H7429 in 63:3); primary sense "to tread with contempt."
דּוּשׁ (dûsh)	H1758	"tread / thresh"	Agricultural: threshing grain with cattle or a sledge; different semantic domain (harvest vs. humiliation).
דָּרַךְ (dârak)	H1869	"tread"	General "walk/tread/bend (the bow)"; used for winepress treading in neutral production sense (Jdg 9:27; Neh 13:15) — the normal word for the activity that Isa 63:3 elevates to judgment through the choice of H7429.
רָפַשׂ (râphas)	H7515	"foul with feet / trample"	Rare; specifically fouling water by trampling; overlaps with Eze 34:18–19 imagery.

UBS Semantic Domains¶

Code	Domain Label	Notes
002001001024	Impact	Fits the core sense of striking, trampling, and forceful treading.
002003003022	Unsafe	Captures the danger, oppression, and destructive exposure attached to trampling imagery.

LXX Mapping¶

Greek Equivalent	Strong's	Co-occ	PMI	Notes
καταπατέω (katapateō)	G2662	7	8.03	Primary equivalent — "to trample down, tread underfoot"; the LXX's standard rendering. Used in Dan 8:7, 10, 13 LXX (both Old Greek and Theodotion traditions) and carried into the NT (Matt 5:13; 7:6; Heb 10:29; Rev 11:2 "trample the holy city").
πούς (pous)	G4228	3	3.97	Noun "foot" — appears in periphrastic renderings ("with feet")
γῆ (gē)	G1093	6	1.62	"Earth/land" — frequently co-translated in the phrase "cast down to the earth and trampled"
λαός (laos)	G2992	4	1.66	"People" as object or agent of trampling
ἔρχομαι (erchomai)	G2064	3	2.26	"Come" — invasion idiom
χείρ (cheir)	G5495	3	1.35	"Hand" — paired bodily-instrument word

The Greek bridge is dominated by καταπατέω (G2662), which becomes the load-bearing NT verb for sanctuary-and-people trampling (Rev 11:2, "the court… is given unto the Gentiles: and the holy city shall they tread under foot"). The mirmās/ramas → katapateō pipeline is the OT-to-NT thread for Daniel 8:13's "trodden under foot" question.