G1432 — δωρεάν (dorean)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: G1432
Original: δωρεάν
Transliteration: dorean
Pronunciation: do-reh-an'
Part of Speech: Adverb (accusative of G1431 δωρεά frozen as adverb)
Root: G1431 δωρεά (dorea, "a gift/gratuity") ← G1325 δίδωμι (didomi, "to give")
Occurrences: 8 unique verses (9 tokens), 7 books
First Occurrence: Matt 10:8 — "freely ye have received, freely give"
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

Accusative case of G1431 (δωρεά) used as adverb; gratuitously (literally or figuratively): freely, without a cause, for nought, in vain.

The word is morphologically an accusative singular noun form that became fixed as an adverb. All 9 NT tokens are parsed [ADV]. It carries the core idea of the gift-noun into adverbial modification: the action it modifies is done "as a gift" — without payment, without merit, or without cause.

Louw-Nida Semantic Domain¶

Domain 089.009: Purpose — "without purpose or reason" sense
Domain 057.008: Give — "without charge, as a gift" sense
Domain 089.007: Cause and/or Reason — "without cause" sense
Other words in 089.009: εἰκῇ (G1500, "in vain"), κενός (G2756, "empty/vain")

The multi-domain placement reflects the word's dual semantic range: gift-giving (no cost) and purposelessness (no cause/reason).

Domain Neighbors (089.009 — Purpose)¶

Strong's	Lemma	Total Verses	Primary KJV Translation(s)
G1377	διώκω	14	persecute, persecuted
G1500	εἰκῇ	6	in vain, vainly
G2756	κενός	14	vain, empty
G2761	κενῶς	1	in vain

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Verses	%
freely	5	62.5%
without a cause	1	12.5%
for nought	1	12.5%
in vain	1	12.5%

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
2 Thessalonians	1	2.1
Galatians	1	0.7
Revelation	2	0.5
2 Corinthians	1	0.4
Romans	1	0.2
Matthew	1	0.1
John	1	0.1

Spread across 7 books with no heavy concentration. Pauline epistles account for 4 of 8 verses. The two Revelation occurrences are both eschatological invitations.

Semantic Categories¶

1. Without Cost / As a Gift (Positive — Divine Generosity)¶

Matt 10:8 — "freely ye have received, freely give" — apostolic ministry mirrors divine generosity; both the receiving and giving are dorean
Rom 3:24 — "Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus" — justification received without payment or merit
Rev 21:6 — "I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely"
Rev 22:17 — "And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely" — eschatological invitation with no cost

2. Without Cost (Neutral — No Charge for Labor)¶

2 Cor 11:7 — "because I have preached to you the gospel of God freely?" — Paul charged the Corinthians nothing
2 Thess 3:8 — "Neither did we eat any man's bread for nought" — Paul denying he took free meals

3. Without Cause / Without Reason (Negative — Groundless Hostility)¶

John 15:25 — "They hated me without a cause" — citing Ps 35:19/69:4 (LXX uses dorean for H2600 chinnam); hostility is unmerited, groundless

4. To No Effect / In Vain¶

Gal 2:21 — "if righteousness come by the law, then Christ is dead in vain" — Christ's death rendered purposeless, achieving nothing

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
δίδωμι (didomi)	G1325	2x (25%)	"give freely" — the gift-verb paired with the gift-adverb
χάρις (charis)	G5485	2x (25%)	"freely by his grace" — dorean + charis in justification
ζωή (zoe)	G2222	2x (25%)	"water of life freely" — eschatological free gift
ὕδωρ (hudor)	G5204	2x (25%)	"water of life freely" — Revelation living-water imagery
Χριστός (Christos)	G5547	2x (25%)	Christ as the source/means of what is given freely
νόμος (nomos)	G3551	2x (25%)	Law contrasted with what is given dorean
ἀπολύτρωσις (apolutrosis)	G629	1x (12%)	Redemption as mechanism of free justification
ἁμαρτία (hamartia)	G266	1x (12%)	Sin as the condition from which one is freely justified

Word Family / Cognates¶

G1431 δωρεά (dorea) — feminine noun: "a gift, gratuity" (11v); the noun from which dorean derives its adverbial form
G1433 δωρέομαι (doreomai) — verb: "to bestow gratuitously, give" (3v); the verbal form of the gift concept
G1435 δῶρον (doron) — neuter noun: "a gift, offering, sacrifice" (19v); broader gift-word, includes temple offerings
G1390 δόμα (doma) — neuter noun: "a gift, present" (4v); synonym listed by UBS

Synonyms¶

G1390 δόμα (doma) — "gift, present" — emphasizes the concrete thing given

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
χάρις (charis)	G5485	Both convey "freely/graciously"	charis = the attribute/disposition of favor; dorean = adverb modifying how an action is done
εἰκῇ (eike)	G1500	Both translated "in vain"	eike = purposelessly, randomly; dorean "in vain" = achieving nothing (used once, Gal 2:21)
H2600 חִנָּם (chinnam)	H2600	"freely," "without a cause"	OT Hebrew equivalent; dorean translates chinnam in LXX Ps 35:19, 69:4; same dual range (no cost / no cause)
H5071 נְדָבָה (nedabah)	H5071	"freely"	nedabah = voluntarily, from willing spirit; dorean = without cost/charge

Hebrew Source (via LXX)¶

The adverb dorean corresponds to the LXX rendering of H2600 חִנָּם (chinnam), which shows the same dual semantic range:

Hebrew Source	Strong's	LXX Mapping	Notes
חִנָּם (chinnam)	H2600	G1431 δωρεά 20x co-occ, PMI 9.31	Primary bridge; chinnam = "gratis, without cost, reason, or advantage" — from H2580 chen "grace/favor"

The Hebrew chinnam (32 OT verses) carries exactly the same range as dorean: "without cost" (Exod 21:2, 11; Isa 52:3), "without cause" (Ps 35:19, 69:4; 1 Sam 19:5), and "for nothing/in vain" (Job 1:9; Mal 1:10). John 15:25 quotes the LXX of Ps 35:19/69:4, carrying chinnam → dorean into the NT.