H7965 — שָׁלוֹם (shalom)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: H7965
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Transliteration: shalom
Pronunciation: shaw-lome
Part of Speech: Masculine noun
Root: שָׁלַם (shalam, H7999) — to be safe, complete, make whole, requite
Occurrences: 206 unique verses (248 tokens) across 31 books
First Occurrence: Gen 15:15 — "And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age."
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

From H7999 shalam; safe, i.e. (figuratively) well, happy, friendly; also (abstractly) welfare, i.e. health, prosperity, peace: — do, familiar, fare, favour, friend, great, (good) health, (perfect, such as be at) peace(-able, -ably), prosper(-ity, -ous), rest, safe(-ty), salute, welfare, (all is, be) well, wholly.

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Verses	%
peace / Peace	76	36.9%
in peace	42	20.4%
of peace / of Peace	21	10.2%
peaceably / Peaceably	9	4.4%
well / all well / All is well	9	4.4%
and peace / for peace / with peace / the peace	17	8.3%
welfare / the welfare	5	2.4%
safe / safely	4	1.9%
how / and how	4	1.9%
prosperity / the prosperity / in prosperity	4	1.9%
to salute / salute / and saluted	4	1.9%
peaceable / the peaceable	2	1.0%
Other (familiar, favour, friend, health, perfect, prospered, prosperous, rest, wholly, Jehovahshalom, etc.)	9	4.4%

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
Obadiah	1	4.8
Malachi	2	3.6
Zechariah	6	2.8
Haggai	1	2.6
Nahum	1	2.1
2 Samuel	14	2.0
2 Kings	14	1.9
Isaiah	25	1.9
Micah	2	1.9
Jeremiah	25	1.8
Esther	3	1.8
Judges	10	1.6
1 Samuel	13	1.6
1 Kings	10	1.2
Psalms	27	1.1
Genesis	12	0.8
2 Chronicles	6	0.7
Lamentations	1	0.6
Deuteronomy	5	0.5
Ecclesiastes	1	0.5
Job	4	0.4
1 Chronicles	4	0.4
Ezekiel	5	0.4
Ezra	1	0.4
Joshua	2	0.3
Proverbs	3	0.3
Daniel	1	0.3
Exodus	3	0.2
Numbers	2	0.2
Leviticus	1	0.1
Song of Solomon	1	—

Concentrated in prophetic literature (Isaiah 25v, Jeremiah 25v) and historical narrative (2 Samuel 14v, 2 Kings 14v, 1 Samuel 13v). Prophets use it heavily in both positive (divine promise) and negative (false peace) contexts. The historical books use it frequently in greetings and diplomatic language.

Semantic Categories¶

1. Greeting and Inquiry of Welfare¶

Gen 29:6 — "Is he well? And they said, He is well"
Gen 43:27 — "And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father well?"
2 Ki 4:26 — "Is it well with thee? is it well with thy husband? is it well with the child?"
1 Sa 25:6 — "Peace be both to thee, and peace be to thine house, and peace be unto all that thou hast"

The most common interpersonal usage: asking after or wishing someone's total well-being. The greeting "shalom" encompasses health, safety, and general flourishing.

2. Absence of War / Diplomatic Peace¶

Jos 9:15 — "And Joshua made peace with them, and made a league with them"
1 Ki 4:24 — "he had peace on all sides round about him"
1 Ki 5:12 — "there was peace between Hiram and Solomon"
Ecc 3:8 — "a time of war, and a time of peace"
Deu 20:10 — "When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it"

Cessation or absence of military conflict between parties, often formalized in treaties.

3. Wholeness, Prosperity, and Well-being¶

Jer 29:11 — "thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end"
Jer 29:7 — "seek the peace of the city whither I have caused you to be carried away captives"
Psa 122:6-7 — "Pray for the peace of Jerusalem... Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaces"
Est 10:3 — "seeking the wealth of his people, and speaking peace to all his seed"
Psa 73:3 — "I saw the prosperity of the wicked"

Comprehensive well-being including material prosperity, communal flourishing, and social harmony. Broader than mere absence of conflict.

4. Safety in Departure and Death¶

Gen 15:15 — "And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age"
2 Ki 22:20 — "thou shalt be gathered into thy grave in peace"
1 Sa 20:42 — "Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD"
Isa 57:2 — "He shall enter into peace: they shall rest in their beds"
Jdg 18:6 — "Go in peace: before the LORD is your way"

A blessed departure — whether leaving on a journey or dying. Implies divine protection and a settled, complete state.

5. Covenant Relationship with God¶

Num 25:12 — "Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace"
Eze 34:25 — "I will make with them a covenant of peace"
Eze 37:26 — "I will make a covenant of peace with them; it shall be an everlasting covenant"
Mal 2:5 — "My covenant was with him of life and peace"
Lev 26:6 — "I will give peace in the land"
Num 6:26 — "The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace"

Shalom as a covenant gift from God — the state of right relationship with YHWH. The "covenant of peace" appears as a specific divine arrangement (Phinehas, Ezekiel's new covenant).

6. Soundness and Completeness (Physical/Spiritual)¶

Isa 26:3 — "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on thee" (lit. shalom shalom)
Psa 38:3 — "There is no soundness in my flesh... neither is there any rest in my bones"
Psa 119:165 — "Great peace have they which love thy law: and nothing shall offend them"
Isa 48:18 — "then had thy peace been as a river, and thy righteousness as the waves of the sea"
Psa 85:10 — "righteousness and peace have kissed each other"

Inner wholeness and moral/spiritual completeness. Often linked with righteousness (tsedaqah) as paired attributes.

7. False Peace / Peace Denied¶

Jer 6:14 — "saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace"
Jer 8:11 — "saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace"
Eze 13:10 — "they have seduced my people, saying, Peace; and there was no peace"
Isa 48:22 — "There is no peace, saith the LORD, unto the wicked"
Isa 57:21 — "There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked"
Deu 29:19 — "I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart"

Prophetic polemic against false assurance. The wicked cannot possess shalom; prophets who proclaim it falsely are condemned.

8. Messianic and Eschatological Peace¶

Isa 9:6 — "his name shall be called... The Prince of Peace"
Isa 9:7 — "Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end"
Isa 53:5 — "the chastisement of our peace was upon him"
Mic 5:5 — "And this man shall be the peace"
Zec 9:10 — "he shall speak peace unto the heathen"
Isa 54:10 — "neither shall the covenant of my peace be removed"

The Messiah as both the source and embodiment of shalom. Isa 53:5 makes shalom the result of vicarious suffering — the chastisement that produces our wholeness/well-being fell upon him.

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
אָמַר (ʼamar)	H559	77x	"and said... Peace" — introducing shalom greetings or divine peace declarations
יְהֹוָה (Yehovah)	H3068	47x	"the LORD... peace" — God as source/giver of peace
בּוֹא (bo)	H935	41x	"came/went... in peace" — peaceful departure or arrival
מֶלֶךְ (melek)	H4428	27x	royal peace inquiries and diplomatic peace contexts
שׁוּב (shub)	H7725	23x	"return in peace" — safe homecoming
אִישׁ (ʼiysh)	H376	22x	"a man of peace" — characterizing persons
דָבַר (dabar)	H1696	21x	"speak peace" — verbal peace declarations
שָׁלַח (shalach)	H7971	21x	"sent away... in peace" — dismissal in good standing
בַּיִת (bayith)	H1004	20x	"peace to thine house" — household blessing
נָתַן (nathan)	H5414	20x	"give peace" — God granting shalom
עַם (ʻam)	H5971	20x	"peace unto his people" — communal/national peace

Word Family / Cognates¶

H7999 שָׁלַם (shalam) — root verb: to be safe, complete, make restitution, requite (H7999-shalam.md)
H8002 שֶׁלֶם (shelem) — peace offering, thank offering (H8002-shelem.md)
H8001 שְׁלָם (shelam) — Aramaic cognate: prosperity, peace
H8003 שָׁלֵם (shalem) — adjective: complete, whole, peaceable
H8010 שְׁלֹמֹה (Shelomoh) — Solomon, proper name from shalom

Synonyms¶

H983 בֶּטַח (betach) — security, safety, confidence
H7962 שַׁלְוָה (shalvah) — ease, prosperity, quietness
H8252 שָׁקַט (shaqat) — to be quiet, undisturbed
H8253 שֶׁקֶט (sheqet) — quietness, rest
H7600 שַׁאֲנָן (shaʼanan) — at ease, secure, complacent
H4832 מַרְפֵּא (marpeʼ) — healing, cure, remedy
H2896 טוֹב (tob) — good, well-being

Antonyms¶

H4421 מִלְחָמָה (milchamah) — war, battle
H2719 חֶרֶב (chereb) — sword
H7451 רָעָה (raʻah) — evil, distress, calamity
H7458 רָעָב (raʻab) — famine, hunger
H6343 פַּחַד (pachad) — fear, dread, terror
H2731 חֲרָדָה (charadah) — trembling, anxiety

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
שֶׁלֶם (shelem)	H8002	both rendered "peace" in some contexts	shelem = peace offering (ritual/sacrificial); shalom = state of wholeness/well-being
שְׁלָם (shelam)	H8001	"peace, prosperity"	Aramaic cognate used in Daniel/Ezra; functionally equivalent in Aramaic portions
שָׁלַם (shalam)	H7999	overlap in "peace" concepts	shalam = verb (to complete, make whole); shalom = noun (the resulting state)
שַׁלְוָה (shalvah)	H7962	"peaceably"	shalvah = ease/tranquility, often with negative connotation of false security; shalom = comprehensive well-being

Semantic Domains¶

[002001003003] Complete — Other words: H1214 batsa, H1580 gamal, H1584 gamar, H3117 yom
[002003003019] Safe — Other words: H1 ab, H622 asaph, H724 arukah, H935 bo, H995 biyn
[001002007003] Friends — Other words: H251 ach, H441 alluph, H2269 chabar

LXX Mapping¶

Greek Equivalent	Strong's	Co-occurrences	PMI	Notes
εἰρήνη (eirene)	G1515	155	6.61	Primary equivalent; used in ~75% of LXX renderings (G1515-eirene.md)
ὑγιαίνω (hygiaino)	G5198	7	6.66	"to be healthy" — when shalom means physical well-being
εἰρηνικός (eirenikos)	G1516	11	5.23	"peaceable" — adjectival equivalent
φιλέω (phileo)	G5368	4	4.21	When shalom = friendship/familiar relationship
ἴασις (iasis)	G2392	3	4.44	"healing, cure" — when shalom = restoration to wholeness
ἀλήθεια (aletheia)	G225	7	2.68	"truth" — in paired formulae "peace and truth"