G5281 — ὑπομονή (hupomone)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: G5281
Original: ὑπομονή
Transliteration: hupomone
Pronunciation: hoop-om-on-ay'
Part of Speech: Feminine noun
Root: G5278 ὑπομένω (hupomeno) — to stay under, remain, endure (from ὑπό hupo = under + μένω meno = remain)
Occurrences: 31 unique verses (32 tokens), NT only
Books: 13 (Luke, Romans, 2 Corinthians, Colossians, 1–2 Thessalonians, 1–2 Timothy, Titus, Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, Revelation)
First Occurrence: Luk 8:15 — "having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth fruit with patience"
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

From G5278 (ὑπομένω); cheerful (or hopeful) endurance, constancy. KJV translations: enduring, patience, patient continuance, patient waiting.

The word pictures bearing a weight from below — the posture of one who stays under a burden rather than fleeing it. This is active, steadfast endurance rather than passive resignation.

Louw-Nida Semantic Domain¶

Domain: 025 — Attitudes and Emotions
Subdomain: 025.015 — Patience, Endurance, Perseverance
Other words in subdomain: ἀνεκτός (G414), ἀνεξίκακος (G420), ἀνέχω (G430), ἀνοχή (G463), βαστάζω (G941), καρτερέω (G2594), μακροθυμέω (G3114), μακροθυμία (G3115), στέγω (G4722), ὑπομένω (G5278)

UBS Semantic Domains¶

Code	Domain Label	Notes
025	Attitudes and Emotions	`search_relationships.py` keeps hupomonē in the emotional/attitudinal field of endurance, aligning with its NT profile as steadfastness under pressure and hope-shaped waiting.

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Verses	%
patience	24	77.4%
of patience	2	6.5%
in patience	1	3.2%
patient continuance	1	3.2%
the enduring	1	3.2%
the patience	1	3.2%
the patient waiting	1	3.2%

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
2 Thessalonians	2	4.3
James	3	2.8
Titus	1	2.2
Revelation	7	1.7
2 Peter	1	1.6
Romans	6	1.4
2 Corinthians	3	1.2
2 Timothy	1	1.2
Colossians	1	1.1
1 Thessalonians	1	1.1
1 Timothy	1	0.9
Hebrews	2	0.7
Luke	2	0.2

Concentrated in Paul's letters and the General Epistles; highest density in 2 Thessalonians and James. Revelation's 7 occurrences (all in chs. 1–3 and 13–14) reflect a distinctive eschatological use. Absent from all Gospels except Luke and entirely absent from Acts, John's letters, and most of Paul's prison epistles (Ephesians, Philippians).

Semantic Categories¶

1. Endurance through Tribulation¶

Patience produced by and exercised in suffering; a response to external pressure.

Rom 5:3–4 — "tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope"
2Co 6:4 — "in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses"
Jas 1:3 — "the trying of your faith worketh patience"
Rev 13:10 — "here is the patience and the faith of the saints" — amid captivity and sword

2. Patient Persistence toward God's Will¶

Steadfast continuation in obedience; endurance oriented toward a promised outcome.

Luk 8:15 — "keep [the word], and bring forth fruit with patience"
Rom 2:7 — "patient continuance in well doing" to seek glory and immortality
Heb 10:36 — "ye have need of patience, that... ye might receive the promise"
Heb 12:1 — "run with patience the race that is set before us"

3. Eschatological Waiting¶

Patience directed toward Christ's return or a future divine act; hope-shaped endurance.

Rom 8:25 — "if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it"
1Th 1:3 — "patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ"
2Th 3:5 — "the Lord direct your hearts... into the patient waiting for Christ"
Rev 3:10 — "thou hast kept the word of my patience"

4. Virtue in Character Lists¶

Hupomone as one among a cluster of ethical qualities; patience as character trait alongside faith, love, godliness.

1Ti 6:11 — "follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness"
Tit 2:2 — "sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity, in patience"
2Pe 1:6 — "to temperance patience; and to patience godliness"
Rev 2:19 — "I know thy works, and charity, and service, and faith, and thy patience"

5. Communal and Apostolic Testimony¶

Patience as a publicly visible mark — of apostolic ministry, of a congregation, of the saints as a community.

2Co 12:12 — "the signs of an apostle were wrought among you in all patience"
2Th 1:4 — "we glory in you... for your patience and faith in all your persecutions"
Rev 1:9 — "companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ"
Rev 14:12 — "here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God"

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
πίστις (pistis)	G4102	9x (29%)	"patience and faith" — paired virtues in affliction/eschatology
θεός (theos)	G2316	9x (29%)	"God of patience" (Rom 15:5); seeking God through patient endurance
ἀγάπη (agape)	G26	6x (19%)	"faith, love, patience" triad in virtue lists
ἔργον (ergon)	G2041	5x (16%)	"work of faith... labour of love... patience of hope"
θλῖψις (thlipsis)	G2347	4x (13%)	tribulation as the context that produces or tests patience
Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός	G2424/G5547	4x (13%)	"patience of Jesus Christ" — Christ as both ground and object of endurance
ἐλπίς (elpis)	G1680	3x (10%)	"patience of hope" — hope as the forward anchor of endurance
παράκλησις (paraklesis)	G3874	3x (10%)	"patience and comfort of the scriptures" (Rom 15:4)

Word Family / Cognates¶

G5278 ὑπομένω (hupomeno) — cognate verb: to stay under, remain, endure (16 verses); the verbal action hupomone expresses as a noun

Synonyms¶

G3115 μακροθυμία (makrothymia) — returned by search_relationships.py; a near-synonym for patience/longsuffering, especially toward persons rather than circumstances.

Antonyms¶

No antonyms were returned by search_relationships.py for G5281.

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
μακροθυμία (makrothymia)	G3115	both → "patience"	makrothymia = longanimity, slow to retaliate — patience toward persons; hupomone = steadfast bearing of circumstances and trials

Note: In Col 1:11 both appear together: "unto all patience (hupomone) and longsuffering (makrothymia) with joyfulness." The pairing shows their complementary but distinct roles.

Domain Neighbors (Louw-Nida 025.015)¶

Strong's	Lemma	Verses	Primary KJV	Key Difference
G5278	ὑπομένω	6	endureth, endured	Cognate verb of G5281
G3115	μακροθυμία	14	longsuffering	Patience toward persons; fruit of the Spirit (Gal 5:22)
G3114	μακροθυμέω	3	be patient	Verbal form of G3115
G941	βαστάζω	10	to bear	Bear a load; broader: carry physically or figuratively
G430	ἀνέχω	6	suffer	Tolerate; put up with (often persons)
G463	ἀνοχή	2	forbearance	Divine withholding of judgment; restraint

Hebrew Source (via LXX)¶

Low co-occurrence scores — no dominant Hebrew equivalent; hupomone is largely a NT coinage.

Hebrew	Strong's	Co-occ	PMI	Notes
מִקְוֶה (miqveh)	H4723	4	9.98	hope, pool — used in LXX Psalms where "hope" and "waiting" overlap
תִּקְוָה (tiqvah)	H8615	4	8.30	expectation, hope; thread/cord (cf. Josh 2:18)

The Hebrew OT concept of "waiting for God" (qavah/yachal) is distributed across several Greek words; hupomone's emphasis on active endurance under pressure is more distinctively Greek.