TR: shâthâh → pínō (Drink / Imbibing)¶

The Chain¶

Hebrew OT              LXX (Greek OT)           Greek NT
───────────────        ───────────────────      ─────────────────
שָׁתָה (shâthâh)    →  πίνω (pínō)          →  πίνω (pínō)
H8354, 193x OT         ~179x as translation     66x in NT
"drink, imbibe"        of shâthâh               "drink, imbibe"

The shâthâh → pínō bridge is one of the cleanest one-to-one lexical correspondences between the Hebrew Bible and the LXX/NT. Both words are the "default verb of imbibing" in their respective languages — neither carries any inherent restriction to wine, nor causative force (causation is H8248 shaqah in Hebrew, G4222 potizō in Greek).

OT Usage (Hebrew)¶

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
H8354	שָׁתָה (shâthâh)	193 verses / 233 tokens	drink, imbibe (any liquid)
H8248	שָׁקָה (shâqah)	~60 verses	give to drink, water (causative)
H8355	שְׁתָה (Aramaic)	5 verses	drink (Aramaic cognate, Dan/Ezra)
H4960	מִשְׁתֶּה (mishteh)	45 verses	banquet, feast (derived noun)
H4945	מַשְׁקֶה (mashqeh)	~19 verses	drink, cupbearer (from shaqah)

Key OT passages: - Gen 9:21 — First occurrence: Noah "drank of the wine, and was drunken" - Lev 10:9 — Priestly prohibition: "Do not drink wine nor strong drink" (Qal impf + אל; not imperative) - Jer 25:27 — "Drink ye, and be drunken" (cup of YHWH's wrath — one of only 16 Qal imperatives) - Ecc 9:7 — "drink thy wine with a merry heart"

Canonical entry: H8354-shathah.md

LXX Bridge¶

Hebrew	Greek Translation	Co-occ	PMI	Notes
shâthâh (H8354)	πίνω (G4095)	179	6.66	Primary equivalent
shâthâh (H8354)	ἐσθίω (G2068)	87	4.34	Chain-collocate ("eat and drink")
shâthâh (H8354)	οἶνος (G3631)	41	4.83	Object when wine is in view
shâthâh (H8354)	ὕδωρ (G5204)	60	3.82	Object when water is in view
shâthâh (H8354)	σίκερα (G4608)	8	6.19	Hebrew loanword "strong drink"
shâthâh (H8354)	ποτήριον (G4221)	10	5.41	"Cup" — esp. cup-of-wrath motif
shâthâh (H8354)	μεθύω (G3184)	9	4.70	When drinking-to-drunkenness is in view

Reverse: what Hebrew does G4095 pínō translate?¶

Hebrew	Word	Co-occ	PMI
H8354	shâthâh	179	6.66
H3196	yayin (wine)	40	4.82
H398	akal (eat)	97	3.86
H4325	mayim (water)	64	3.39
H7941	shekar (strong drink)	11	5.39
H3563	kos (cup)	10	4.48
H8355	shetha (Aramaic drink)	5	5.26

Semantic continuity: pínō carries the same unmarked semantics — any liquid, any quantity, any moral valence determined by context. Neither Hebrew nor Greek has a distinct verb for "drink wine" vs. "drink water"; the object alone supplies that content.

NT Usage (Greek)¶

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
G4095	πίνω (pínō)	66 verses	drink, imbibe
G4222	ποτίζω (potizō)	15 verses	give to drink (causative)
G4213	πόσις (pósis)	3	drink, beverage (noun)
G4221	ποτήριον (potērion)	31	cup
G3184	μεθύω (methyō)	7	be drunk
G3631	οἶνος (oinos)	33	wine

Key NT passages: - Mat 26:27–29 — Last Supper: "Drink ye all of it... I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine" - Jhn 4:7 — "Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink" (pínō) - 1Co 10:4 — "did all drink the same spiritual drink... that spiritual Rock... was Christ" (pínō — explicitly invokes OT rock/water) - 1Co 11:25–29 — "as oft as ye drink it, do this in remembrance of me... whoso... shall drink this cup unworthily" - Rev 14:10 — "the same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God" (direct re-use of OT cup-of-wrath imagery) - Rev 18:3 — "all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication"

Canonical entry: TODO(need G4095 study)

Direct OT→NT Quotations / Allusions¶

NT Verse	OT Echo	Shared Motif	Significance
Mat 26:29 / Mk 14:25	Ecc 9:7; Son 5:1	"drink the fruit of the vine"	Jesus reframes table-wine as eschatological
1Co 10:4	Exo 17:6; Num 20:11	"drank of the spiritual Rock"	Paul reads the wilderness drinking typologically
Rev 14:10	Jer 25:15–28; Hab 2:16; Psa 75:8	"drink the wine of God's wrath"	Prophetic cup-of-wrath resumed
Rev 18:3	Jer 51:7	"all nations have drunk"	Babylon's cup, inverted

Continuity and Shifts¶

What stays the same: - The verb itself is semantically unmarked in both testaments — "imbibe any liquid." - The "eat and drink" pair (akal+shathah → esthio+pino) persists as the biblical idiom for ordinary sustenance, fellowship, and covenant meals. - The "cup of wrath" metaphor transfers intact from Hebrew prophets into Revelation. - Causative ("give to drink") stays a separate verb: shaqah → potizō.

What shifts: - The NT adds a sacramental overlay (pínō + potērion at the Last Supper / 1 Cor 11) that the OT itself does not carry for shathah. - The OT has 16 Qal imperatives of shathah distributed across narrative, prophetic judgment, wisdom, and festal settings. The NT concentrates its imperatives of pínō in the Last Supper ("Drink ye all of it") and Johannine discourse ("If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink," Jn 7:37). - No Torah commanded drinking of yayin or shekar by laypersons. All four Torah Qal imperatives of shathah are in Gen 24 (Rebekah/servant, water only). Torah wine/shekar references with shathah are either prohibitive (Lev 10:9; Num 6:3; Deu 29:6) or permissive (Num 6:20; Deu 14:26 uses akal for the feast verb). This pattern carries into the LXX unchanged.