TR: shaneh → etos (Year / Annual Time-Reckoning)¶
The Chain¶
Hebrew OT LXX (Greek OT) Greek NT
─────────── ─────────────── ────────
שָׁנָה (shaneh) → ἔτος (etos) → ἔτος (etos)
H8141, 972x/647vv 450x as translation 48x in NT
"year" of shaneh (dominant) "year"
OT Usage (Hebrew)¶
| Strong's | Word | Occurrences | Primary Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| H8141 | שָׁנָה (shaneh) | 647 verses | year (as a revolution of time) |
| H8140 | שְׁנָה (shᵉnah) | ~8 | Aramaic equivalent "year" (Ezra/Daniel) |
| H8138 | שָׁנָה (shanah, verb) | 22 | to repeat, do again (root of the noun) |
Key OT passages: - Gen 1:14 — "for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years" — establishing yearly cycles - Lev 25:10 — "ye shall hallow the fiftieth year… a jubile" — calendrical ordinance - Dan 9:2 — "the number of the years… seventy years" — prophetic period
Canonical study: H8141-shaneh.md
LXX Bridge¶
| Hebrew | Greek Translation | Co-occ | PMI Score | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| shaneh (H8141) | ἔτος (G2094) | 450 | 31.23 | Primary equivalent — narrative, regnal, lifespan |
| shaneh (H8141) | ἐνιαυτός (G1763) | 99 | 23.56 | Liturgical/cyclical — feast year, jubilee, "acceptable year" |
| shaneh (H8141) | βασιλεύω (G936) | 93 | 16.56 | Co-occurs in regnal formulae ("reigned N years") |
| shaneh (H8141) | μήν (G3376) | 51 | 15.80 | Paired month+year date formulae |
Reverse: Greek etos ← Hebrew sources:
| Hebrew | Co-occ | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| shaneh (H8141) | 450 | Dominant source |
| malak (H4427) | 99 | Verb "reign" — co-occurs with etos in regnal dating |
| arbaim (H705) / sheloshim (H7970) / esrim (H6242) | 47–60 | Numerals in "N years" phrases |
| chodesh (H2320) | 57 | Month, paired with year |
Semantic shift in translation: Minimal. Both Hebrew shaneh and Greek etos denote a discrete countable year. The LXX does make one meaningful distinction: when shaneh carries cyclical/ritual force (sabbatical year, feast year, jubilee), translators often prefer ἐνιαυτός (eniautos) over ἔτος (etos). Otherwise etos carries shaneh straightforwardly.
NT Usage (Greek)¶
| Strong's | Word | Occurrences | Primary Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| G2094 | ἔτος (etos) | 48 | year (quantitative, countable) |
| G1763 | ἐνιαυτός (eniautos) | ~14 | year (cyclical, liturgical, annual) |
| G4070 | πέρυσι (perysi) | 2 | last year, the year before |
| G1333 | διετία (dietia) | 2 | a two-year span |
Key NT passages: - Luke 2:36–37 — "a widow of about fourscore and four years" — age - Luke 3:1 — "in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" — regnal formula (same pattern as OT) - Luke 4:19 — "to preach the acceptable year (eniautos) of the Lord" — quoting Isa 61:2 where LXX has eniautos for shaneh - John 2:20 — "Forty and six years was this temple in building" - Gal 1:18; 2:1 — "after three years… after fourteen years" — biographical time-reckoning - Heb 9:7 — "once every year (eniautos)" — liturgical cycle (Day of Atonement), carrying OT Levitical sense - Rev 20:2–7 — "a thousand years" (etos, six times) — prophetic period
TODO(need G2094 study)
Direct OT→NT Quotations¶
| NT Verse | Quotes OT | Shared Word | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 4:19 | Isa 61:2 | shaneh → eniautos | "the acceptable year of the Lord" — Jesus reads this in Nazareth; LXX picks eniautos to carry the jubilee/liturgical overtone |
| Heb 9:25; 10:1, 3 | Lev 16 | shaneh → eniautos | Annual repetition of Day of Atonement — eniautos again preserves the cyclical sense |
| 2Pet 3:8 | Psa 90:4 | shaneh → etos | "a thousand years as one day" — etos for straightforward duration |
Continuity and Shifts¶
What stays the same across testaments: - Date-formula syntax: "in the Nth year of [ruler]" (Isa 6:1; Dan 1:1; Luke 3:1) survives intact from Hebrew narrative into Luke's Gospel - Age formulae: lifespan and age-at-event reckoning (Gen 25:7 / Luke 2:36) carry over identically - Prophetic periods: the "seventy years" of Jer 25 / Dan 9 and the "thousand years" of Rev 20 both use countable-year language on both sides of the bridge - Numerical pairings: "forty years" (wilderness — Num 14; Heb 3:17; Acts 7:36) maps directly
What shifts: - LXX splits by register: etos for plain counting, eniautos for cyclical/liturgical years — a distinction Hebrew shaneh does not formally mark. The NT inherits this split (cf. Heb 9 using eniautos for annual ritual, Rev 20 using etos for the prophetic millennium). - NT frequency: shaneh is a high-density OT word (647 vv in 32 books); etos drops to 48 NT occurrences, reflecting the NT's shorter timeframe and lower density of regnal/genealogical material. - Theological loading: eniautos gains concentrated jubilee/eschatological weight in Luke 4:19, activating Isa 61:2's shaneh as a programmatic frame for Jesus' ministry.
Generated from: gather_trace_data.py, search_strongs.py (--lxx-map, --hebrew-source, --lookup, --lexicon) Last updated: 2026-04-17