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WG: Guilt Offering

Overview

The guilt/trespass offering concept clusters around the אשׁם root and its interaction with the broader sacrificial and sin vocabulary. The ʼasham (H817) uniquely combines the abstract guilt-state with the concrete offering that resolves it — a single word denoting both the debt and the payment. This group maps the words that define what guilt is, how it is incurred, and how it is ritually resolved.

Word Group Members

Strong's Word Transliteration POS Occurrences Role in Concept Library Entry
H817 אָשָׁם ʼasham noun 41 The guilt-offering / guilt-debt itself H817
H816 אָשַׁם ʼasham verb 32 The action of becoming guilty H816
H2403 חַטָּאָה chaṭṭaʼah noun 270 The sin offering — paired counterpart H2403
H3722 כָּפַר kaphar verb 94 The atonement action — what the ʼasham accomplishes H3722
H352 אַיִל ʼayil noun 171 The ram — standard ʼasham sacrificial animal TODO(need H352 study)
H4604 מַעַל maʻal noun 29 Treachery/unfaithfulness — the offense triggering ʼasham H4604
H6588 פֶּשַׁע peshaʻ noun 90 Transgression/rebellion — broader offense category H6588
H5771 עָוֺן ʻavon noun 213 Iniquity — the moral crookedness distinct from guilt-debt H5771

Relationships

Shared Roots

  • אשׁם root: H816 ʼasham (verb), H817 ʼasham (noun), H818 ʼashem (adjective), H819 ʼashmah (feminine noun)

Co-occurrence (appear in same verses)

Word A Word B Shared Verses Typical Context
H2403 chaṭṭaʼah H5771 ʻavon 43 "forgiving iniquity... and sin" — Exo 34:7 formula
H2403 chaṭṭaʼah H3722 kaphar 38 "make atonement for sin" — core Levitical ritual
H2403 chaṭṭaʼah H6588 peshaʻ 24 "transgression and sin" — sin triad in confessions
H6588 peshaʻ H5771 ʻavon 19 "iniquity and transgression" — complementary terms
H817 ʼasham H2403 chaṭṭaʼah 13 "the sin offering and the trespass offering" — paired in ritual law
H2403 chaṭṭaʼah H352 ʼayil 12 Ram offered with sin offering
H3722 kaphar H5771 ʻavon 10 "atonement for iniquity"
H817 ʼasham H3722 kaphar 7 "make atonement with the trespass offering" — Lev 5:6, 19:22
H817 ʼasham H352 ʼayil 7 "a ram for a trespass offering" — standard ʼasham formula
H817 ʼasham H816 ʼasham (v) 2 "It is a trespass offering: he hath trespassed" — Lev 5:19

LXX Overlaps

Hebrew Words Shared Greek Notes
H817 + H2403 + H5771 + H6588 all → ἁμαρτία (G266) Greek conflates four distinct Hebrew guilt/sin terms into one word
H816 + H2403 both → ἁμαρτάνω (G264) "to sin" covers both "to be guilty" and "to sin"
H5771 + H6588 both → ἀνομία (G458) "lawlessness" merges iniquity and rebellion
H817 + H352 both → ἀμνός (G286) "lamb" — the sacrificial animal conflated with the offering

Roles in the Concept

  • State: H816 ʼasham (verb) — becoming guilty, incurring liability
  • Debt + Payment: H817 ʼasham (noun) — the guilt-state AND the offering that resolves it
  • Counterpart offering: H2403 chaṭṭaʼah — sin/purification offering (addresses defilement, not debt)
  • Atonement action: H3722 kaphar — the covering/atonement that the ʼasham effects
  • Standard animal: H352 ʼayil — the ram prescribed for most ʼasham sacrifices
  • Triggering offense: H4604 maʻal — treachery/unfaithfulness against holy things
  • Related offenses: H6588 peshaʻ (rebellion), H5771 ʻavon (iniquity) — broader terms the ʼasham intersects

Key Passages Where Multiple Group Words Appear Together

  • Lev 5:6 — [H817 + H2403 + H3722] "he shall bring his trespass offering... for a sin offering; and the priest shall make an atonement"
  • Lev 19:22 — [H817 + H2403 + H3722 + H352] "the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering"
  • Num 5:7 — [H817 + H816 + H2403] "confess their sin... recompense his trespass"
  • Dan 9:24 — [H2403 + H3722 + H6588 + H5771] "to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity"
  • Exo 34:7 — [H2403 + H6588 + H5771] "forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin"
  • Isa 53:10 — [H817] "when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin (ʼasham)" — the prophetic application of guilt-offering to a person

Generated from: gather_word_group_data.py, search_relationships.py Last updated: 2026-05-03