H2318 — חָדַשׁ (châdash)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: H2318
Original: חָדַשׁ
Transliteration: châdash
Pronunciation: khaw-dash'
Part of Speech: Verb (primitive root)
Root: חדשׁ — to be new; causatively, to rebuild
Occurrences: 10 unique verses (10 tokens) across 6 books
First Occurrence: 1 Sam 11:14 — "Then said Samuel to the people, Come, and let us go to Gilgal, and renew the kingdom there."
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

A primitive root; to be new; causatively, to rebuild: — renew, repair.

Verb Stem Distribution¶

Stem	Count	Typical Meaning
Piel	9	renew, repair, restore (causative action)
Hithpael	1	be renewed (reflexive/passive)

Notes: No Qal occurrences attested in the OT. The Piel dominates (90%), functioning causatively — "to make new." The single Hithpael (Ps 103:5) is reflexive: "thy youth is renewed." Infinitive construct forms appear twice (2 Chr 24:4, 24:12) expressing purpose: "to repair the house of the LORD."

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Verses	%
renew	2	20%
to repair	2	20%
Thou renewest	1	10%
and renew	1	10%
and renewed	1	10%
and they shall repair	1	10%
and thou renewest	1	10%
is renewed	1	10%

Summary: KJV uses two primary English glosses — "renew" (6 verses, 60%) and "repair" (4 verses, 40%).

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
Lamentations	1	0.6
2 Chronicles	3	0.4
Psalms	3	0.1
1 Samuel	1	0.1
Job	1	0.1
Isaiah	1	0.1

Pattern: Concentrated in Psalms (spiritual renewal) and 2 Chronicles (physical repair of the temple). The word spans historical narrative, poetry, prophecy, and lament — no single genre dominates.

Semantic Categories¶

1. Spiritual/Inner Renewal¶

Ps 51:10 — "Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me." — Piel imperative; paired with bara (create); renewal of the inner person
Lam 5:21 — "Turn thou us unto thee, O LORD, and we shall be turned; renew our days as of old." — Piel imperative; communal plea for restoration of covenant relationship
Ps 103:5 — "Who satisfieth thy mouth with good things; so that thy youth is renewed like the eagle's." — Hithpael; God as agent of vitality renewal

2. Physical Repair/Rebuilding¶

2 Chr 24:4 — "And it came to pass after this, that Joash was minded to repair the house of the LORD." — Piel infinitive construct; temple restoration
2 Chr 24:12 — "hired masons and carpenters to repair the house of the LORD" — Piel infinitive construct; same temple project
Isa 61:4 — "they shall repair the waste cities, the desolations of many generations" — Piel perfect; eschatological rebuilding of ruined places

3. Institutional/Relational Renewal¶

1 Sam 11:14 — "Come, and let us go to Gilgal, and renew the kingdom there." — Piel imperfect; reaffirming Saul's kingship at a national assembly
2 Chr 15:8 — "and renewed the altar of the LORD, that was before the porch of the LORD" — Piel wayyiqtol; Asa's cultic reform; restoring the altar to functional status

4. Adversarial Renewal (hostile sense)¶

Job 10:17 — "Thou renewest thy witnesses against me, and increasest thine indignation upon me" — Piel imperfect; God bringing fresh waves of suffering; unique negative usage

5. Cosmic Renewal¶

Ps 104:30 — "Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth." — Piel imperfect; God's ongoing renewal of creation through his spirit; paired with bara (create)

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
יְהֹוָה (Yehowah)	H3068	4x (40%)	YHWH as agent or object of renewal
בַּיִת (bayith)	H1004	2x (20%)	"repair the house [of the LORD]"
בָּרָא (bara)	H1254	2x (20%)	"create...and renew" — parallel acts of God
חָזַק (chazaq)	H2388	2x (20%)	"took courage...and renewed" — courage preceding renewal
לֵב (leb)	H3820	2x (20%)	"renew a right spirit" — inner renewal context
רוּחַ (ruach)	H7307	2x (20%)	"renew a spirit" / "send forth thy spirit...renewest"
פָּנִים (paniym)	H6440	2x (20%)	"renewest the face of the earth"

Word Family / Cognates¶

H2319 חָדָשׁ (chadash) — adjective: new, fresh (53 verses). The adjectival form from the same root; describes the quality of newness that the verb H2318 produces.
H2320 חֹדֶשׁ (chodesh) — noun: new moon, month (254 verses). From the monthly renewal of the moon; the calendrical derivative of the root.
A2323 חֲדַת (chadath) — Aramaic adjective: new (Dan 2:44, Ezra 6:4). Aramaic cognate of H2319.

Synonyms (from SDBH)¶

H1129 בָּנָה (banah) — to build; overlaps in construction/repair contexts
H1254 בָּרָא (bara) — to create; co-occurs in Ps 51:10 and 104:30 as parallel divine action
H6965 קוּם (quwm) — to raise up, establish; overlaps in restoration contexts
H7725 שׁוּב (shuwb) — to return, restore; overlaps in spiritual restoration

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
חָלַף (chalaph)	H2498	"renew"	chalaph = exchange/replace (strength exchanged for new in Isa 40:31); chadash = make new/restore without replacement
חָזַק (chazaq)	H2388	"repair"	chazaq = strengthen/fasten (structural reinforcement); chadash = make new (complete restoration to original condition)
בָּדַק (badaq)	H918	"repair"	badaq = inspect/mend a breach (gap-filling); chadash = comprehensive renewal/rebuilding

LXX Mapping¶

Greek Equivalent	Co-occurrences	PMI	Notes
ἀνακαινίζω (anakainizo) G340	3	10.73	"to renew" — spiritual/inner renewal sense
ἐγκαινίζω (enkainizo) G1457	3	9.56	"to inaugurate, consecrate, dedicate" — cultic/institutional renewal
κύριος (kyrios) G2962	4	0.58	Function word (Lord); not a true semantic equivalent

Note: The LXX splits chadash across two Greek verbs: anakainizo (ana- "again" + kainizo "make new") for spiritual renewal, and enkainizo (en- "in" + kainizo) for institutional/physical renewal. Both derive from kainos (G2537 "new"), linking the verb H2318 to the adjective trace chain documented in TR-chadash-kainos.md. The co-occurrence counts are low (3 each) due to the small total corpus (10 verses), so no auto-trace is warranted beyond what already exists.