H3513 — כָּבַד (kabad)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: H3513
Original: כָּבַד
Transliteration: kabad
Pronunciation: kaw-bad
Part of Speech: Verb (primitive root)
Root: Primitive root; noun derivative H3519 kabod ("glory, honour, weight")
Occurrences: 108 unique verses (141 tokens) across 26 books
First Occurrence: Gen 13:2 — "And Abram [was] very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold."
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

A primitive root; to be heavy, i.e. in a bad sense (burdensome, severe, dull) or in a good sense (numerous, rich, honorable); causatively, to make weighty (in the same two senses):—abounding with, more grievously afflict, boast, be chargeable, be dim, glorify, be (make) glorious (things), glory, (very) great, be grievous, harden, be (make) heavy, be heavier, lay heavily, (bring to, come to, do, get, be had in) honour (self), (be) honourable (man), lade, more be laid, make self many, nobles, prevail, promote (to honour), be rich, be (go) sore, stop.

Verb Stem Distribution¶

Stem	Count	Typical Meaning
Piel	38	honour, glorify (active giving of honour)
Niphal	30	be honoured, be glorified, be distinguished
Qal	22	be heavy, be burdensome, be severe
Hiphil	17	make heavy, harden, make burdensome
Pual	3	be honoured (passive)
Hithpael	2	make oneself many/numerous (Nah 3:15)
Tiphil	1	honour oneself (Prov 12:9)

Tallied from hebrew_parser.py --lemma output (113 verbal forms; remaining lemma occurrences are adjective H3515 or noun H3516 "liver").

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Grouped by semantic cluster (from 108 unique verses):

Translation Cluster	Verses	%
honour / honourable / honoured	~38	35%
glorify / glorious / glorified	~15	14%
heavy / heavier / heavily	~14	13%
hardened / harden	~7	6%
made (heavy/burdensome)	~5	5%
sore (battle was sore)	~4	4%
promote (to honour)	~4	4%
rich / abounding	~2	2%
chargeable	~2	2%
nobles	~2	2%
Other (dim, boast, prevail, stop, etc.)	~15	14%

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
Nahum	2	4.3
Haggai	1	2.6
Habakkuk	1	1.8
Malachi	1	1.8
Isaiah	19	1.5
Lamentations	2	1.3
1 Samuel	9	1.1
2 Samuel	7	1.0
Exodus	10	0.8
Proverbs	7	0.8
Judges	4	0.6
1 Chronicles	5	0.5
Nehemiah	2	0.5
Zechariah	1	0.5
Psalms	11	0.4
2 Chronicles	3	0.4
Job	4	0.4
Genesis	4	0.3
Numbers	4	0.3
Daniel	1	0.3
Deuteronomy	2	0.2
Ezekiel	3	0.2
1 Kings	2	0.2
Leviticus	1	0.1
2 Kings	1	0.1
Jeremiah	1	0.1

Isaiah dominates with 19 occurrences (17.6% of all uses). Prophetic literature accounts for roughly a third of all occurrences. The Exodus narrative cluster (10 uses) centers on Pharaoh's hardened heart and God's self-glorification through the plagues.

Semantic Categories¶

1. To Honor / Give Honour to Persons (Piel imperative/indicative)¶

Exo 20:12 — "Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land"
Deut 5:16 — "Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee"
1 Sam 2:30 — "them that honour me I will honour, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed"
Prov 3:9 — "Honour the LORD with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of all thine increase"
Mal 1:6 — "A son honoureth his father, and a servant his master: if then I be a father, where is mine honour?"

2. To Glorify God / God Being Glorified (Piel/Niphal)¶

Lev 10:3 — "I will be sanctified in them that come nigh me, and before all the people I will be glorified"
Psa 22:23 — "all ye the seed of Jacob, glorify him; and fear him, all ye the seed of Israel"
Psa 50:15 — "call upon me in the day of trouble: I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify me"
Isa 24:15 — "Wherefore glorify ye the LORD in the fires, even the name of the LORD God of Israel"
Hag 1:8 — "build the house; and I will take pleasure in it, and I will be glorified"

3. To Be Heavy / Burdensome (Qal)¶

Exo 5:9 — "Let there more work be laid upon the men, that they may labour therein"
1 Sam 5:6 — "the hand of the LORD was heavy upon them of Ashdod"
Psa 32:4 — "day and night thy hand was heavy upon me"
Job 6:3 — "it would be heavier than the sand of the sea"
Isa 59:1 — "neither his ear heavy, that it cannot hear"

4. To Harden (Heart/Ears) (Hiphil/Piel)¶

Exo 8:15 — "Pharaoh... hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them"
Exo 8:32 — "Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also"
Exo 10:1 — "I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants"
1 Sam 6:6 — "Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts?"
Isa 6:10 — "make their ears heavy... lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears"

5. To Be Distinguished / Honourable (Niphal participle)¶

Gen 34:19 — "he was more honourable than all the house of his father"
1 Sam 9:6 — "there is in this city a man of God, and he is an honourable man"
1 Sam 22:14 — "who is so faithful among all thy servants as David, which is the king's son in law... and is honourable in thine house?"
2 Sam 23:19 — "Was he not most honourable of three?"
Isa 43:4 — "thou hast been honourable, and I have loved thee"

6. God Glorified Through Judgment (Niphal reflexive)¶

Exo 14:4 — "I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host"
Exo 14:17 — "I will get me honour upon Pharaoh"
Eze 28:22 — "I will be glorified in the midst of thee"
Eze 39:13 — "it shall be to them a renown the day that I shall be glorified"
Isa 26:15 — "Thou hast increased the nation, O LORD... thou art glorified"

7. To Make Heavy / Grievous (Hiphil causative)¶

1 Ki 12:10 — "My father made your yoke heavy"
Isa 47:6 — "upon the ancient hast thou very heavily laid thy yoke"
Lam 3:7 — "he hath made my chain heavy"
Neh 5:15 — "the former governors... were chargeable unto the people"

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
יְהֹוָה (YHWH)	H3068	27x	"glorify the LORD" / "LORD will be glorified"
עַם (am)	H5971	18x	"before all the people I will be glorified"
אֱלֹהִים (elohim)	H430	14x	"they honour God and man"
לֵב (leb)	H3820	13x	"hardened his heart"
אָב (ab)	H1	12x	"honour thy father"
יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisrael)	H3478	11x	"the God of Israel... glorified"
עֶבֶד (ebed)	H5650	9x	"a servant his master" / servant contexts
פַּרְעֹה (Pharaoh)	H6547	9x	"hardened Pharaoh's heart" / "honour upon Pharaoh"
שֵׁם (shem)	H8034	9x	"glorify thy name"
עַיִן (ayin)	H5869	9x	"precious in my sight... honourable"

Word Family / Cognates¶

H3519 כָּבוֹד (kabod) — noun: glory, honour, weight (the primary nominal derivative)
H3515 כָּבֵד (kabed) — adjective: heavy, grievous, great
H3514 כֹּבֶד (kobed) — noun: weight, heaviness, multitude
H3516 כָּבֵד (kabed) — noun: liver (the heaviest organ)

Synonyms¶

H1984 הָלַל (halal) — to praise, boast, commend
H7311 רוּם (ruwm) — to be high, exalt, lift up
H3372 יָרֵא (yare) — to fear, revere

Antonyms¶

H2151 זָלַל (zalal) — to be worthless, make light of
H2778 חָרַף (charaph) — to reproach, defy, blaspheme
H7036 קָלוֹן (qalown) — shame, dishonour, ignominy

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
כָּבֵד (kabed)	H3515	"heavy"	H3515 is the adjective form; H3513 is the root verb
חָזַק (chazaq)	H2388	"hardened"	chazaq = strengthen/seize; kabad = make heavy/dull — distinct metaphors for Pharaoh's obstinacy
קָשָׁה (qashah)	H7185	"hardened"	qashah = be hard/dense; kabad = be heavy — qashah implies rigidity, kabad implies immovability
הוֹד (howd)	H1935	"honourable"	howd = majesty/splendour (appearance); kabad = give weight/honour (relational)

LXX Mapping¶

Greek Equivalent	Strong's	Co-occurrences	PMI	Notes
βαρύνω (baryno)	G925	25x	7.31	"make heavy" — physical weight / hardening sense
δοξάζω (doxazo)	G1392	28x	6.54	"glorify" — honour/glory sense (dominant bridge for worship usage)
ἔνδοξος (endoxos)	G1741	14x	6.13	"glorious, honourable" — Niphal participle renderings
τιμάω (timao)	G5091	10x	6.51	"honour" — interpersonal honour (Ex 20:12 LXX)
βαρύς (barys)	G926	7x	5.57	"heavy, weighty" — physical/burdensome sense
σκληρύνω (skleruno)	G4645	3x	4.25	"harden" — heart-hardening (alternative to baryno for Ex narratives)

The LXX split is instructive: the negative sense ("heavy/harden") maps to the βαρ- family (G925/G926), while the positive sense ("honour/glorify") maps to δοξάζω (G1392) and τιμάω (G5091). This semantic bifurcation is already encoded in the Greek translation tradition.