TR: anah → tapeinoo (Afflict/Humble)¶
The Chain¶
Hebrew OT LXX (Greek OT) Greek NT
─────────── ─────────────── ────────
עָנָה (anah) → ταπεινόω (tapeinoo) → ταπεινόω (tapeinoo)
H6031, 79x 46x as translation 11x in NT (14 tokens)
"afflict, humble" of anah "humble, abase"
OT Usage (Hebrew)¶
| Strong's | Word | Occurrences | Primary Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| H6031 | עָנָה (anah) | 79v | afflict, humble, oppress |
| H6040 | עֳנִי (oniy) | 36v | affliction, misery (cognate noun) |
| H6041 | עָנִי (aniy) | 69v | poor, afflicted, humble (cognate adjective) |
| H6035 | עָנָו (anav) | 20v | meek, humble, lowly (cognate adjective) |
Key OT passages: - Lev 16:29 — "ye shall afflict your souls" (Day of Atonement formula) - Deut 8:2-3 — "the LORD thy God led thee... to humble thee, and to prove thee" - Isa 53:7 — "he was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth"
See H6031-anah.md
LXX Bridge¶
| Hebrew | Greek Translation | Co-occ | PMI | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| anah (H6031) | ταπεινόω (G5013) | 46x | 25.25 | Primary equivalent — used for divine humbling, cultic self-denial, and national oppression |
| anah (H6031) | κακόω (G2559) | 18x | 19.67 | "To do evil to" — oppression sense |
| anah (H6031) | νηστεία (G3521) | 4x | 9.21 | "Fasting" — interpretive rendering of "afflict your souls" |
Reverse bridge — other Hebrew words also mapped to G5013 tapeinoo:
| Hebrew | Strong's | Co-occ | PMI | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| עָנָה (anah) | H6031 | 46x | 25.25 | afflict, humble |
| שָׁפֵל (shaphel) | H8213 | 25x | 23.49 | bring low, abase |
| כָּנַע (kana) | H3665 | 13x | 15.89 | humble, subdue |
| שָׁחַח (shachach) | H7817 | 11x | 15.87 | bow down, be bowed |
| דָּכָה (dakah) | H1794 | 5x | 13.11 | crush, be contrite |
| דָּכָא (daka) | H1792 | 6x | 11.16 | crush, break in pieces |
Semantic shift in translation: The LXX narrows H6031's broad range. Hebrew anah covers affliction, oppression, sexual violation, and cultic self-denial. The LXX splits these: ταπεινόω takes the humbling/lowering sense (the majority), while κακόω takes the mistreatment/oppression sense. The sexual violation sense and the Ecclesiastes "exercise" sense are rendered with other Greek words entirely. The net effect is that ταπεινόω in the NT carries the "humble/bring low" meaning without the darker associations of force or oppression that attach to the Hebrew.
NT Usage (Greek)¶
| Strong's | Word | Occurrences | Primary Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| G5013 | ταπεινόω (tapeinoo) | 11v (14 tokens) | humble, abase, bring low |
| G5011 | ταπεινός (tapeinos) | 8v | lowly, humble (adjective) |
| G5012 | ταπεινοφροσύνη (tapeinophrosyne) | 7v | humility, lowliness of mind (noun) |
| G5014 | ταπείνωσις (tapeinosis) | 4v | humiliation, low estate (noun) |
Key NT passages: - Mat 23:12 — "whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted" - Php 2:8 — "he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross" - Jas 4:10 — "Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up" - 1Pe 5:6 — "Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time"
TODO(need G5013 study)
Direct OT→NT Quotations¶
| NT Verse | Quotes OT | Shared Word | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luk 3:5 | Isa 40:4 | shaphel H8213 → tapeinoo G5013 | "every mountain and hill shall be brought low" — uses same Greek word though Hebrew source is shaphel not anah |
Note: No direct quotation chains where NT quotes an OT verse using H6031 and the Greek NT uses G5013. However, the conceptual connection is strong — the Day of Atonement "afflict your souls" (H6031 Piel + H5315) became the model for NT self-humbling (G5013 reflexive).
Continuity and Shifts¶
What stays the same across testaments: - The core meaning of deliberate lowering/humbling persists from OT to NT - The reflexive/voluntary sense ("humble yourself") is prominent in both testaments — OT Hithpael of H6031 parallels NT middle/reflexive usage of G5013 - The exalt/humble reversal pattern appears in both: Deut 8:2-3 (God humbles then exalts) → Mat 23:12, Luk 14:11, Jas 4:10 (self-humbling leads to exaltation)
What shifts: - OT usage is predominantly active/imposed (Piel: "afflict others") — ~72% of H6031 tokens; NT usage is predominantly reflexive/voluntary ("humble yourself") — the majority of G5013 occurrences - The oppression, sexual violence, and national affliction senses of H6031 do not carry through to G5013 in the NT - The cultic "afflict your souls" (fasting) formula becomes the broader ethical "humble yourselves before God" - Php 2:8 (Christ "humbled himself") creates a Christological center for the word that has no direct OT counterpart — the suffering servant of Isa 53:7 uses H6031 Niphal (passive: "he was afflicted") while Php 2:8 uses the active voice (he chose to humble himself)
Generated from: gather_trace_data.py, search_strongs.py (--lxx-map, --hebrew-source, --lookup, --lexicon) Last updated: 2026-05-11