Without)¶

The Chain¶

Hebrew OT          LXX (Greek OT)         Greek NT
───────────        ───────────────         ────────
חוּץ (chuwts)   →  ἔξω (exo)           →  ἔξω (exo)
H2351, 158x        65x as translation      64x in NT
"outside, street"  of chuwts               "outside, without"

OT Usage (Hebrew)¶

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
H2351	חוּץ (chuwts)	158	outside, without, street, abroad
H2435	חִיצוֹן (chiytsown)	—	outer, external (derived adjective)

Key OT passages: - Lev 4:12 — "Even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place" - Num 5:3 — "Both male and female shall ye put out, without the camp shall ye put them" - Prov 1:20 — "Wisdom crieth without; she uttereth her voice in the streets"

See: H2351-chuwts.md

LXX Bridge¶

Hebrew	Greek Translation	Co-occ	PMI Score	Notes
chuwts (H2351)	ἔξω (exo) G1854	65x	28.55	Primary equivalent — spatial "outside"
chuwts (H2351)	ἔξωθεν (exothen) G1855	33x	25.02	"from outside" — adverbial variant
chuwts (H2351)	πλατύς (platys) G4116	13x	14.29	"broad/wide" — street-width sense
chuwts (H2351)	παρεμβολή (parembole) G3925	19x	12.05	"camp" — renders the collocating machaneh

Reverse: other Hebrew words also rendered by exo (G1854):

Hebrew Source	Co-occ	PMI Score	Notes
מַחֲנֶה (machaneh) H4264	28x	17.64	"camp" — exo renders the locative phrase
יָצָא (yatsa) H3318	31x	10.35	"go out" — exo renders directional sense
חִיצוֹן (chiytsown) H2435	3x	6.96	"outer" — cognate adjective

Semantic continuity in translation: The LXX maintains direct spatial correspondence. Hebrew chuwts as locative "outside/without" maps cleanly to Greek exo. The "streets" sense of chuwts is handled differently by the LXX — often with platys/plateia (broad place) rather than exo — creating a partial split where the spatial-boundary sense transfers but the urban-streets sense diverges.

NT Usage (Greek)¶

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
G1854	ἔξω (exo)	64	outside, out, without
G1855	ἔξωθεν (exothen)	13	from outside, outwardly

Key NT passages: - Heb 13:11-12 — "For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his own blood, suffered without the gate." - 1 Cor 5:12-13 — "For what have I to do to judge them also that are without? do not ye judge them that are within? But them that are without God judgeth." - Rev 22:15 — "For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and murderers, and idolaters" - Jhn 6:37 — "him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out"

Library: TODO(need G1854 study)

Direct OT to NT Quotations¶

NT Verse	Quotes/Echoes OT	Shared Word	Significance
Heb 13:11-12	Lev 4:12, 21; 16:27	chuwts → exo	"without the camp/gate" — the Levitical sin-offering disposal formula applied to Christ's suffering outside Jerusalem
1 Cor 5:12-13	Num 5:3-4; Deut 23:10	chuwts → exo	Community boundary language — those "without" echoing camp-exclusion legislation

Continuity and Shifts¶

What stays the same across testaments: - The core spatial-boundary concept transfers directly: a defined interior (camp, city, community) versus the space outside it - The cultic "without the camp" formula passes intact from Leviticus through LXX into Hebrews 13 - The inside/outside binary as a marker of belonging versus exclusion

What shifts: - NT spiritualizes the boundary: "those without" (1 Cor 5:12, Col 4:5, 1 Thess 4:12) means non-believers, not spatial outsiders - Hebrews 13:13 inverts the valence: "Let us go forth therefore unto him without the camp" — what was the place of disposal/shame becomes the place of encounter with Christ - Revelation's eschatological "without" (Rev 22:15) transforms the spatial concept into permanent soteriological exclusion

Generated from: gather_trace_data.py, search_strongs.py (--lxx-map, --hebrew-source, --lookup) Last updated: 2026-05-03