TR: shalom → eirene (Peace/Wholeness)¶
The Chain¶
Hebrew OT LXX (Greek OT) Greek NT
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שָׁלוֹם (shalom) → εἰρήνη (eirene) → εἰρήνη (eirene)
H7965, 206x LXX co-occ: 155x 86x in NT
"peace, wholeness" Primary equivalent "peace"
OT Usage (Hebrew)¶
| Strong's | Word | Occurrences | Primary Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| H7965 | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | 206 | peace, wholeness, welfare, completeness |
| H7999 | שָׁלַם (shalam) | 116 | to be complete, make whole, requite (root verb) |
| H8002 | שֶׁלֶם (shelem) | 82 | peace offering (sacrificial cognate) |
Key OT passages: - Num 6:26 — "The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace" - Isa 53:5 — "the chastisement of our peace was upon him" - Isa 9:6 — "his name shall be called... The Prince of Peace"
H7965-shalowm.md | H7999-shalam.md | H8002-shelem.md
LXX Bridge¶
| Hebrew | Greek Translation | Co-occ | PMI Score | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| shalom (H7965) | εἰρήνη (G1515) | 155x | 33.36 | Dominant equivalent (~75% of renderings) |
| shalom (H7965) | ὑγιαίνω (G5198) | 7x | 13.85 | When shalom = physical health/well-being |
| shalom (H7965) | εἰρηνικός (G1516) | 11x | 12.99 | Adjectival: "peaceable" |
| shalom (H7965) | ἴασις (G2392) | 3x | 6.15 | When shalom = healing/restoration |
Reverse bridge — other Hebrew words rendered eirene:
| Hebrew Source | Strong's | Co-occ | PMI Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| shalom | H7965 | 155x | 33.36 |
| betach | H983 | 13x | 14.15 |
| shelam (Aramaic) | H8001 | 4x | 11.18 |
| emeth | H571 | 8x | 6.65 |
| marpe | H4832 | 3x | 6.55 |
Semantic mapping in translation: The LXX consistently renders shalom as eirene, preserving the primary "peace" sense. However, shalom's broader semantic range (welfare, health, wholeness, greeting) gets partially narrowed. When shalom means "health" or "welfare," LXX occasionally uses hygiaino ("to be healthy") or iasis ("healing") rather than eirene. The greeting function ("Is he well?") maps inconsistently. The bridge is strong for the core peace/wholeness meaning but the Hebrew word's range exceeds what eirene carries alone.
NT Usage (Greek)¶
| Strong's | Word | Occurrences | Primary Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| G1515 | εἰρήνη (eirene) | 86 | peace, harmony, tranquility |
| G1514 | εἰρηνεύω (eireneuo) | 4 | to make peace, live peaceably |
| G1516 | εἰρηνικός (eirenikos) | 2 | peaceable, peaceful |
| G1517 | εἰρηνοποιέω (eirenopoieo) | 1 | to make peace |
| G1518 | εἰρηνοποιός (eirenopoios) | 1 | peacemaker |
Key NT passages: - Jhn 14:27 — "Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth" - Rom 5:1 — "being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ" - Eph 2:14 — "For he is our peace, who hath made both one" - Rom 1:7 — "Grace to you and peace from God our Father" (epistolary formula)
Direct OT→NT Quotations¶
| NT Verse | Quotes OT | Shared Word | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 3:17 | Isa 59:8 | shalom → eirene | "the way of peace they have not known" — human inability to achieve peace |
| Eph 6:15 | Isa 52:7 | shalom → eirene | "the gospel of peace" — echoing "him that publisheth peace" |
| Acts 10:36 | Isa 52:7 | shalom → eirene | "preaching peace by Jesus Christ" — identifying Christ as the peace-bringer |
| Heb 7:2 | Gen 14:18 | Salem/shalom → eirene | Melchisedek "King of Salem, which is, King of peace" — etymological bridge |
| Luk 1:79 | Isa 9:1-2 + context | shalom → eirene | "to guide our feet into the way of peace" |
Continuity and Shifts¶
What stays the same across testaments: - Peace as a divine gift rather than human achievement (Num 6:26 → Rom 1:7, Phil 4:7) - The formula "go in peace" as a blessing of wholeness (1 Sa 1:17 → Mk 5:34, Lk 7:50) - False peace warned against (Jer 6:14 → 1 Th 5:3 "when they shall say, Peace and safety") - Peace connected to righteousness (Isa 32:17, Psa 85:10 → Rom 14:17, Heb 12:11) - Messianic/christological identification: "he shall be the peace" (Mic 5:5 → Eph 2:14 "he is our peace")
What shifts: - NT epistolary formula "grace and peace" (charis kai eirene) has no exact OT equivalent; it fuses Greek greeting (chairein) with Hebrew greeting (shalom) - NT narrows the greeting/welfare-inquiry usage that was so prominent in OT narrative; eirene functions more as theological concept than social formula - NT applies shalom/eirene specifically to the reconciliation achieved through Christ's death (Col 1:20 "having made peace through the blood of his cross"), developing Isa 53:5's hint into full atonement theology - The "peace offering" (shelem H8002) connection is not carried into NT eirene usage; the sacrificial dimension routes through different vocabulary (thusia, prosphora)
Generated from: gather_trace_data.py, search_strongs.py (--lxx-map, --hebrew-source, --lookup) Last updated: 2025-05-05