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Grammar Analysis: Elijah's 3.5-Year Drought (1 Kgs 17:1; 18:1; Luke 4:25; James 5:17)

Classification

LITERAL 3.5 years — a narrative duration reported in Kings and specifically quantified as three years and six months by two independent NT witnesses (Jesus, James). TYPOLOGICAL (not prophetic-time) significance for the Daniel/Revelation 3.5 apocalyptic unit: the typology runs from Elijah-historical to Daniel-apocalyptic, not the reverse. No seal-command, no apocalyptic genre markers, no day-for-year formula attached. Elijah's drought is a real historical duration of roughly 3.5 solar years that later apocalyptic literature appears to have patterned itself after (cf. Rev 11:6 where the two witnesses "shut up heaven" in explicit Elijah-imitation).

1. 1 Kings 17:1 — Elijah's Oath: "These Years"

Text

Hebrew: וַיֹּאמֶר֩ אֵלִיָּ֨הוּ הַתִּשְׁבִּ֜י מִתֹּשָׁבֵ֣י גִלְעָד֮ אֶל־אַחְאָב֒ חַי־יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָמַ֣דְתִּי לְפָנָ֔יו אִם־יִהְיֶ֛ה הַשָּׁנִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה טַ֣ל וּמָטָ֑ר כִּ֖י אִם־לְפִ֥י דְבָרִֽי׃

KJV: And Elijah the Tishbite, [who was] of the inhabitants of Gilead, said unto Ahab, [As] the LORD God of Israel liveth, before whom I stand, there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according to my word.

Word-by-Word Parsing (key words)

# Word Lemma Parsing Gloss
1 וַיֹּאמֶר אמר Verb.Qal.Wayq.3ms and he said
2 אֵלִיָּהוּ אליהו PropN.ms.Abs Elijah
3 חַי חי Adj.ms.Abs alive (oath particle)
4 יְהוָה יהוה PropN.ms.Abs YHWH
5 עָמַדְתִּי עמד Verb.Qal.Perf.1s I have stood
6 אִם אם Conj if (oath-negation)
7 יִהְיֶה היה Verb.Qal.Impf.3ms there shall be
8 הַשָּׁנִים שׁנה Art + Noun.fp.Abs the years
9 הָאֵלֶּה אלה Art + DemPron.p these
10 טַל טל Noun.ms.Abs dew
11 מָטָר מטר Noun.ms.Abs rain
12 כִּי אִם Conj except
13 לְפִי פה Prep + Noun.ms.Cst according to the mouth of
14 דְבָרִי דבר Noun.ms.Abs.+1s my word

Key Grammatical Features

1. חַי־יְהוָה (ḥay-YHWH) — oath formula + אִם (ʾim) oath-negation - Form: Predicate adjective חַי ("[as] YHWH lives") + אֲשֶׁר עָמַדְתִּי לְפָנָיו (relative xQt0 clause), then אִם introducing the content of the oath. - Significance: This is a classic Hebrew oath formula. Clause 2 (AjCl "YHWH-liveth") is the invocation; clause 4 (xYqX with אִם) is the self-imprecation — syntactically a conditional protasis whose apodosis ("…then may I suffer") is suppressed. אִם in an oath context therefore functions as an emphatic negation: "there shall not be dew or rain." - Grammar reference: syntax-conditional-vow.md

2. הַשָּׁנִים הָאֵלֶּה (ha-šānîm hā-ʾēlleh) — "these years" (definite plural + demonstrative) - Form: Articular feminine plural noun שָׁנִים "years" + articular plural demonstrative אֵלֶּה "these." Plain, unmarked plural of שָׁנָה. The parser flags the noun as fp.Abs (feminine plural absolute). Functions syntactically as [Time] adjunct in clause 4. - Significance: No prophetic-symbol vocabulary. No עִדָּן (Aramaic "time"), no מוֹעֵד ("appointed time"), no fractional expression ("time, times, and half a time"). The word שָׁנִים is the ordinary Hebrew noun for calendar years, used here with the proximal demonstrative ("these, the current ones"). The duration is left indefinite in Elijah's own speech — he does not stipulate "three and a half years"; he says "until I say otherwise." The specific length is only disclosed retrospectively by 18:1 and by the NT witnesses. - Contrast with apocalyptic markers: Dan 7:25 / 12:7 use עִדָּן וְעִדָּנִין וּפְלַג עִדָּן (Aramaic "time, times, and half a time"); Rev 11:2/13:5 use μῆνας τεσσεράκοντα δύο (42 months); Rev 11:3/12:6 use ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα (1260 days). None of these idioms appear in 1 Kgs 17:1.

3. אִם־יִהְיֶה … טַל וּמָטָר — imperfect under oath-negation - Form: Qal imperfect 3ms of היה "to be," with compound subject טַל וּמָטָר ("dew and rain"). Parser returns clause type xYqX (extraposed element + yiqtol + subject), domain Q (direct speech). - Significance: The imperfect + אִם locks the statement into the future indefinite: "there shall by no means be…" Note that יִהְיֶה is 3ms even though the subject is compound; this is standard verb-first agreement with the nearest singular element. - Grammar reference: qal-imperfect.md

4. לְפִי דְבָרִי (lə-p̄î dəḇārî) — "according to my word" - Form: Construct chain פִי … דְבָרִי ("the mouth of my word"), idiomatic for "at my command/utterance." Final nominal clause (NmCl) functions adverbially. - Significance: The drought is explicitly tied to Elijah's speech-act authority, not to a calendrical countdown. It ends when Elijah (on YHWH's word, 18:1) announces its end — not when a fixed prophetic period expires. This is the decisive literary tell that 1 Kgs 17:1 is not a time-prophecy. A time-prophecy terminates by clock; a vow terminates by the vow-maker's releasing word.

Clause Structure (from parser)

Clause 1 (WayX, N): וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלִיָּהוּ הַתִּשְׁבִּי ... אֶל־אַחְאָב
  [Conj] וַ | [Pred] יֹּאמֶר | [Subj] אֵלִיָּהוּ הַתִּשְׁבִּי | [Cmpl] אֶל־אַחְאָב
Clause 2 (AjCl, Q): חַי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל   [invocation]
  [PreC] חַי | [Subj] YHWH-God-of-Israel
Clause 3 (xQt0, Q): אֲשֶׁר עָמַדְתִּי לְפָנָיו   [relative clause modifying YHWH]
  [Rela] אֲשֶׁר | [Pred] עָמַדְתִּי | [Cmpl] לְפָנָיו
Clause 4 (xYqX, Q): אִם יִהְיֶה הַשָּׁנִים הָאֵלֶּה טַל וּמָטָר   [oath content]
  [Conj] אִם | [Pred] יִהְיֶה | [Time] הַשָּׁנִים הָאֵלֶּה | [Subj] טַל וּמָטָר
Clause 5 (NmCl, Q): כִּי אִם לְפִי דְבָרִי   [exception clause]
  [Conj] כִּי אִם | [Adju] לְפִי דְבָרִי

Clauses 2–5 are all domain Q (direct speech) — the narrator (Clause 1) is quoting Elijah's oath. No prophetic-vision framing, no "I looked," no seal command, no angel-interpreter. Pure prophetic speech-act.

2. 1 Kings 18:1 — "In the Third Year"

Text

Hebrew: וַיְהִי֙ יָמִ֣ים רַבִּ֔ים וּדְבַר־יְהוָ֗ה הָיָה֙ אֶל־אֵ֣לִיָּ֔הוּ בַּשָּׁנָ֥ה הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֖ית לֵאמֹ֑ר לֵ֚ךְ הֵרָאֵ֣ה אֶל־אַחְאָ֔ב וְאֶתְּנָ֥ה מָטָ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָאֲדָמָֽה׃

KJV: And it came to pass [after] many days, that the word of the LORD came to Elijah in the third year, saying, Go, shew thyself unto Ahab; and I will send rain upon the earth.

Word-by-Word Parsing (key words)

# Word Lemma Parsing Gloss
1 וַיְהִי היה Verb.Qal.Wayq.3ms and it came to pass
2 יָמִים יום Noun.mp.Abs days
3 רַבִּים רב Adj.mp.Abs many
4 וּדְבַר דבר Conj + Noun.ms.Cst and word of
5 יְהוָה יהוה PropN.ms.Abs YHWH
6 הָיָה היה Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms came / was
7 בַּשָּׁנָה שׁנה Prep + Art + Noun.fs.Abs in the year
8 הַשְּׁלִישִׁית שׁלישׁי Art + Adj.fs.Abs the third
9 לֵאמֹר אמר Verb.Qal.InfCon saying
10 לֵךְ הלך Verb.Qal.Impv.2ms go!
11 הֵרָאֵה ראה Verb.Niphal.Impv.2ms show yourself!
12 וְאֶתְּנָה נתן Verb.Qal.Impf.1s (cohortative) and I will give
13 מָטָר מטר Noun.ms.Abs rain

Key Grammatical Features

1. יָמִים רַבִּים (yāmîm rabbîm) — "many days" - Form: Indefinite masculine plural noun + adjective. Functions as [Time] in clause 1 (Way0, narrative domain). - Significance: A stock Hebrew idiom for an extended but unspecified duration. The narrator is not giving a prophetic time-count; he is signalling "a long stretch of time passed." This is the narrative tempo marker; the calendrical marker follows in the next clause.

2. בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית (ba-šānāh ha-šəlîšîṯ) — "in the third year" - Form: Preposition בְּ + articular noun שָׁנָה (fs.Abs "year") + articular ordinal adjective שְׁלִישִׁית ("third"). Standard ordinal-date construction. Functions as [Time] adjunct in clause 2 (WXQt, disjunctive X-qatal giving the specific calendar reference). - Significance: The clause type WXQt is the parser's code for a disjunctive waw-X-qatal construction, which in narrative regularly marks circumstantial / scene-setting information off the main wayyiqtol line. Here it provides the precise date: the third (rainless) year. From which event is this "third year" counted? Hebrew ordinal-year formulae in Kings count from the inauguration of the reference event; the natural antecedent is Elijah's oath in 17:1 — meaning the drought has now been underway into its third year when YHWH speaks. Depending on whether years are counted inclusively (Hebrew standard), this can comport with the NT's "three years and six months" if the drought began well before the famine was recognized (the 6 extra months cover the pre-drought dry season or the regnal-year reckoning offset). - Grammar reference: syntax-wx-qatal-circumstantial.md

3. הֵרָאֵה (hērāʾēh) — Niphal imperative 2ms - Form: Niphal imperative from ראה "to see/appear." The Niphal of ראה carries reflexive/middle force: "show yourself, let yourself be seen." - Significance: God commands Elijah to reverse his 17:1 hiddenness — the drought-speech required him to vanish (17:3), the end-speech requires him to reappear. The drought's beginning and end are both speech-act framed, not time-clock framed. - Grammar reference: stem-niphal.md, imperative-mood.md

4. וְאֶתְּנָה (wə-ʾettənāh) — 1cs cohortative - Form: Waw + Qal cohortative/imperfect 1s נתן "to give." Cohortative ending in -āh expresses resolve/intention. - Significance: "And I will (be pleased to) send rain." YHWH's cohortative resolution matches Elijah's 17:1 vow-negation: the same divine speech authority that honored Elijah's withholding now authorizes release. - Grammar reference: cohortative-1cp-divine-speech.md

Clause Structure (from parser)

Clause 1 (Way0, N): וַיְהִי יָמִים רַבִּים       [main narrative verb, N-domain]
  [Pred] יְהִי | [Time] יָמִים רַבִּים
Clause 2 (WXQt, N): וּדְבַר-יְהוָה הָיָה אֶל-אֵלִיָּהוּ בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית
  [Conj] וּ | [Subj] דְבַר-יְהוָה | [Pred] הָיָה | [Cmpl] אֶל-אֵלִיָּהוּ | [Time] בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית
Clause 3 (InfC, N): לֵאמֹר    [infinitive-construct introducing speech]
Clause 4 (ZIm0, Q): לֵךְ       [imperative, Q-domain opens]
Clause 5 (ZIm0, Q): הֵרָאֵה אֶל-אַחְאָב
Clause 6 (WYq0, Q): וְאֶתְּנָה מָטָר עַל-פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה

Again: ordinary prose narrative, ordinary ordinal date. No apocalyptic framing, no sealed vision, no day-for-year formula.

3. Luke 4:25 — Jesus' Testimony: ἐπὶ ἔτη τρία καὶ μῆνας ἕξ

Text

Greek: ἐπ' ἀληθείας δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν, πολλαὶ χῆραι ἦσαν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἠλείου ἐν τῷ Ἰσραήλ, ὅτε ἐκλείσθη ὁ οὐρανὸς ἐπὶ ἔτη τρία καὶ μῆνας ἕξ, ὡς ἐγένετο λιμὸς μέγας ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν.

KJV: But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days of Elias, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when great famine was throughout all the land.

Word-by-Word Parsing (key words)

# Word Lemma Strong's Parsing
1 λέγω λέγω G3004 V-PAI-1S (present active indicative)
2 ὑμῖν σύ G4771 P-2DP (dative plural)
3 ἦσαν εἰμί G1510 V-IAI-3P (imperfect active indicative)
4 ἐκλείσθη κλείω G2808 V-API-3S (aorist passive indicative)
5 ὁ οὐρανὸς οὐρανός G3772 T-NSM + N-NSM ("the heaven")
6 ἐπὶ ἐπί G1909 PREP (+ accusative = extent of time)
7 ἔτη ἔτος G2094 N-APN (accusative plural neuter) — "years"
8 τρία τρεῖς G5140 A-APN — "three"
9 καὶ καί G2532 CONJ
10 μῆνας μήν G3376 N-APM (accusative plural masculine) — "months"
11 ἕξ ἕξ G1803 A-NUI (indeclinable numeral) — "six"
12 ἐγένετο γίνομαι G1096 V-2ADI-3S (aorist middle indicative)
13 λιμὸς μέγας λιμός / μέγας G3042 / G3173 N-NSM + A-NSM — "a great famine"

Key Grammatical Features

1. ἐπὶ ἔτη τρία καὶ μῆνας ἕξ — accusative of extent of time ("for 3 years and 6 months") - Form: Preposition ἐπί + accusative noun phrase. Both ἔτη and μῆνας are accusative plural; numerals agree in case, gender, and number (τρία A-APN agrees with ἔτη neuter; ἕξ is indeclinable but distributes over μῆνας). - Significance: The accusative-of-extent is the standard, unambiguous Greek way of saying "for a duration of X." There is nothing symbolic or elliptical about it. Two distinct time-units (ἔτος "year" and μήν "month") are added together — this is arithmetic, not prophetic symbol. Prophetic time-units in apocalyptic (ἡμέρας, μῆνας forty-two as a unit) are never added to years in the NT; they stand alone as sealed time-designators. Here Jesus does math: 3 years + 6 months = 3.5 years. - Grammar reference: aorist-infinitive-accusative-of-duration.md (same construction-type, accusative duration).

2. ἐκλείσθη — aorist passive indicative 3s ("was shut up") - Form: Aorist passive indicative of κλείω "to shut." - Significance: Classic divine passive — the heaven is shut by God, in response to Elijah's prayer. The aorist reports the whole event as a completed whole; it does not narrate it moment-by-moment. That Jesus treats the whole 3.5-year closure as a single aorist action is consistent with a historical, bounded event — not a symbolic unit still unfolding. - Grammar reference: aorist-passive-indicative.md, divine-passive.md

3. ἐπ' ἀληθείας … λέγω ὑμῖν — "truly I say to you" - Form: Prepositional phrase ἐπί + gen ἀληθείας ("on [the basis of] truth") + present active indicative λέγω. - Significance: Jesus prefaces the number with a truth-asseveration formula. He is reporting a factual historical duration, not retailing an apocalyptic cipher. If Elijah's drought were a symbolic 1260-day unit, Jesus' most natural phrasing would be some variant of "a time, times, and half a time" or "1260 days" or "forty-two months" — the LXX/NT apocalyptic vocabulary. He uses none of it. He gives calendar arithmetic.

4. James 5:17 — James' Testimony: ἐνιαυτοὺς τρεῖς καὶ μῆνας ἕξ

Text

Greek: Ἠλείας ἄνθρωπος ἦν ὁμοιοπαθὴς ἡμῖν, καὶ προσευχῇ προσηύξατο τοῦ μὴ βρέξαι, καὶ οὐκ ἔβρεξεν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐνιαυτοὺς τρεῖς καὶ μῆνας ἕξ.

KJV: Elias was a man subject to like passions as we are, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain: and it rained not on the earth by the space of three years and six months.

Word-by-Word Parsing (key words)

# Word Lemma Strong's Parsing
1 Ἠλείας Ἠλίας G2243 N-NSM (proper noun, nom)
2 ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος G444 N-NSM
3 ἦν εἰμί G1510 V-IAI-3S (imperfect)
4 ὁμοιοπαθὴς ὁμοιοπαθής G3663 A-NSM — "of like nature"
5 προσευχῇ προσευχή G4335 N-DSF (dative — cognate dative)
6 προσηύξατο προσεύχομαι G4336 V-ADI-3S (aorist middle indicative)
7 τοῦ μὴ βρέξαι βρέχω G1026 articular genitive infinitive of purpose (V-AAN)
8 οὐκ ἔβρεξεν βρέχω G1026 V-AAI-3S (aorist active indicative)
9 ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς γῆ G1093 PREP + T-GSF + N-GSF
10 ἐνιαυτοὺς ἐνιαυτός G1763 N-APM (accusative plural masc) — "years"
11 τρεῖς τρεῖς G5140 A-APM — "three"
12 μῆνας μήν G3376 N-APM — "months"
13 ἕξ ἕξ G1803 A-NUI — "six"

Key Grammatical Features

1. ἐνιαυτοὺς τρεῖς καὶ μῆνας ἕξ — accusative of extent - Form: Same construction-type as Luke 4:25 but without the preposition ἐπί. The bare accusative of extent is perfectly idiomatic in Greek; ἐπί + accusative (Luke) or the bare accusative (James) both answer "for how long?" - Significance: James uses ἐνιαυτός (G1763, "year" — often the cyclic agricultural year) rather than Luke's ἔτος (G2094, generic "year"). The two terms are largely synonymous in NT usage, and the choice here may reflect James' Jewish-agrarian register ("year" as a farming cycle — apt for a drought-famine context). Two independent NT authors, using different synonyms for "year," both give the identical figure 3 + 6/12. This is converging historical testimony, not duplicated apocalyptic vocabulary.

2. προσευχῇ προσηύξατο — "he prayed with a prayer" (cognate dative) - Form: Dative singular feminine noun προσευχῇ + aorist middle indicative of the cognate verb. The dative is the Hebraistic cognate dative (= MT infinitive absolute intensifier). - Significance: Reflects Hebrew הִתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלָּה — "he prayed a prayer" — the LXX's standard rendering of the infinitive-absolute intensifier. James is writing NT Greek with Hebraic coloring; he reports Elijah's prayer earnestly. The focus is on prayer → drought cause-and-effect, which is James' whole point: Elijah was a man like us, and his prayer moved heaven for 3.5 years. That rhetorical argument requires the 3.5 to be real time. If it were 1260 symbolic prophetic days equalling 1260 literal years, James' point ("pray like Elijah because your prayer can also move heaven") would collapse — no one's prayer produces a 1260-year drought. - Grammar reference: infinitive-absolute-intensification.md (LXX/NT calque of the same construction).

3. τοῦ μὴ βρέξαι — articular genitive infinitive of purpose/content - Form: Article τοῦ (genitive) + aorist active infinitive βρέξαι of βρέχω "to rain" + negative μή. Functions as the content of Elijah's prayer: "that it not rain." - Significance: The genitive articular infinitive regularly expresses purpose or content after verbs of praying, commanding, beseeching. The aorist aspect is ingressive/effective: "not to begin raining" — i.e., to hold back rainfall from the point of prayer forward.

4. οὐκ ἔβρεξεν — aorist active indicative ("it rained not") - Form: Negative particle + aorist active indicative 3s of βρέχω. - Significance: The aorist summarizes the entire 3.5-year rain-absence as a single completed state-of-affairs. Paired with the accusative of extent (ἐνιαυτοὺς τρεῖς καὶ μῆνας ἕξ), the construction is standard Greek prose historiography: perfective aspect + quantified duration = "did not X, for the space of Y." No apocalyptic signaling.

Classification: Literal 3.5 Years, Typologically Echoed by Apocalyptic 3.5

Why it is LITERAL, not day-for-year

Criterion Apocalyptic 3.5 (Dan 7:25; 12:7; Rev 11:2-3; 12:6,14; 13:5) Elijah's 3.5 (1 Kgs 17-18; Luke 4; Jas 5)
Genre Apocalyptic vision (sealed book, seraphim, beasts, angelic interpreter) Prose narrative (Kings); historical reference (Gospels/Epistles)
Time vocabulary עִדָּן / ἡμέρα 1260 / μῆνας 42 / καιρός-καιροί-ἥμισυ שָׁנִים "years," יָמִים רַבִּים "many days," שָׁנָה שְׁלִישִׁית "third year," ἔτη 3 / ἐνιαυτοὺς 3 + μῆνας 6
Arithmetical resolution Same number expressed three equivalent ways (1260d = 42m = 3.5 yr) Two distinct time-units added (3 yr + 6 mo)
Seal-command / vision-frame Dan 8:26; 12:4,9; Rev 10:4 Absent
Day-for-year formula context Num 14:34; Ezk 4:4-6 typologically available Absent — יָמִים here means ordinary days
Termination condition Fixed expiry of symbolic period לְפִי דְבָרִי — Elijah's own word; then YHWH's word in 18:1
NT treatment Revelation re-uses the symbolic numbers as still-future/present sealed time Jesus and James cite it as historical fact using asseveration formulae

Why the TYPOLOGY runs Elijah → Daniel/Rev, not the reverse

Narrative priority. Elijah precedes Daniel chronologically (9th c. BC vs. 6th c. BC). Hebrew narrative is not in the business of symbolically encoding later apocalyptic numbers. Daniel (and later Revelation), by contrast, is in the business of drawing on earlier Israelite history for prophetic patterns (cf. Dan 9's reuse of Jer 25/29's seventy-year figure).

Rev 11:6 confirms the direction. The two witnesses "have power to shut up heaven, that it rain not in the days of their prophecy" (ἔχουσιν τὴν ἐξουσίαν κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν) — this is explicit Elijah imitation, with the same verb κλείω that Luke 4:25 used. Revelation invokes Elijah's historical drought as the pattern behind the 1260-day prophetic figure, not as its instance.

Luke 4:25 and Jas 5:17 would not quote a prophetic-time cipher as a historical anecdote. When Jesus preaches Nazareth or James exhorts prayer, they need a real thing that really happened for the rhetorical argument to function. Substituting a 1260-year day-for-year duration destroys both speakers' point.

The typology runs something like this: - Historical Elijah (1 Kgs): Prophet withdraws YHWH's covenant blessing (rain) from an apostate Israel under an idolatrous king; duration of judgment is 3.5 solar years. - Apocalyptic echo (Dan 7; 12; Rev 11; 12; 13): The 3.5 unit becomes a symbolic duration — "a time, times, and half a time" — for the period during which the saints are handed over to the oppressor, the witnesses prophesy in sackcloth, the woman is nourished in the wilderness, and the beast blasphemes. The apocalyptic 3.5 is the Elijah-pattern abstracted and (per the day-for-year formula — cf. Num 14:34, Ezk 4:4-6) rescaled into 1260 prophetic days = 1260 literal years.

The apocalyptic 3.5 depends on and typologically reuses the historical 3.5 — but the historical 3.5 is not itself symbolic and therefore not subject to day-for-year rescaling. Elijah's drought was 3.5 literal years. The Daniel 3.5 is 1260 literal years. Both are true; neither collapses into the other.

Cross-References

Grammar library

Word studies (if they exist)

  • שָׁנָה (shanah, H8141) — "year"
  • יוֹם (yom, H3117) — "day"
  • מָטָר (matar, H4306) — "rain"
  • ἔτος (G2094) / ἐνιαυτός (G1763) — "year" (Greek synonyms)
  • κλείω (G2808) — "to shut" (Luke 4:25 / Rev 11:6 link)