G194 — ἄκρατος (ákratos)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: G194
Original: ἄκρατος
Transliteration: ákratos
Pronunciation: ak'-rat-os
Part of Speech: Adjective
Root: ἀ- (alpha privative, "not") + κεράννυμι (kerannymi, G2767 — "to mix, mingle")
Occurrences: 1 in NT
First Occurrence: Rev 14:10 — "the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture (ἀκράτου) into the cup of his indignation"
Hapax Legomenon: YES — appears only once in the entire NT
Attested Form: ἀκράτου (Gen Sg Masc) — modifying an implied noun tied to οἴνου ("wine")

Lexicon Definition¶

From ἀ- (negative particle) + a derivative of κεράννυμι ("to mix"). Literally "unmixed, undiluted, pure" — applied especially to wine not diluted with water. Louw-Nida gloss: "at full strength | undiluted | pure." In Greek usage from Homer onward, ἄκρατος οἶνος denotes wine drunk neat, without the customary water mixture, carrying the connotation of overwhelming strength and intoxicating potency.

Louw-Nida Semantic Domain¶

Domain: 79 — Features of Objects
Subdomain: 79.20 — Pure, Unadulterated, Undiluted
Other words in subdomain:
ἄδολος (adolos) G97 — "unadulterated, pure" (of milk, 1 Pet 2:2)
πιστικός (pistikos) G4101 — "pure" (of spikenard, Mark 14:3; John 12:3)

This is a tiny subdomain of three words. Each emphasizes a substance in its undiluted state: milk (adolos), ointment (pistikos), and wine (akratos). ἄκρατος is the only one carrying an inherently negative/judicial connotation in its biblical use.

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Count	%
without mixture	1	100%

Sole occurrence; sole translation.

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
Revelation	1	0.2

Confined to the apocalyptic vocabulary of Revelation, specifically to the third angel's announcement of final judgment (Rev 14:9–11).

Semantic Categories¶

Because ἄκρατος is a biblical hapax with a single attestation, its meaning is fixed by (a) its cognate structure (α-privative + κεράννυμι) and (b) extra-biblical Greek usage and LXX parallels. Rather than multiple semantic categories within Scripture, the word carries a single technical sense expressed through one image:

1. Undiluted Wine of Judgment¶

Rev 14:10 — "The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture (ἀκράτου) into the cup of his indignation"

The adjective qualifies wine within the cup-of-wrath complex. Ordinary Greco-Roman and Jewish table wine was habitually cut with water (commonly 2–3 parts water to 1 part wine); drinking it ἄκρατος was considered barbaric excess and produced rapid, overwhelming intoxication. Applied to divine wrath, the image removes the tempering element: the cup contains θυμός (thumos, G2372 — burning anger) at full strength.

2. Background: Cup-of-Wrath Tradition¶

The Septuagint translators used related vocabulary to render the Hebrew cup-of-wrath passages (Ps 75:8; Jer 25:15; Isa 51:17, 22). Jer 25:15 LXX uses the cognate noun κέρασμα/κεράννυμι family to describe mixed wine of wrath; Ps 75:8 speaks of wine "full of mixture" (πλῆρες κεράσματος). Revelation inverts or intensifies this by specifying the opposite — ἄκρατος — signaling that the eschatological cup is not the tempered draft of historical judgments but judgment at undiluted strength.

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
οἶνος (oinos — wine)	G3631	1 (the verse itself)	modifies οἴνου; "wine... undiluted"
θυμός (thumos — wrath, rage)	G2372	1	"the wine of the wrath (θυμοῦ)"
ὀργή (orge — indignation)	G3709	1	"cup of his indignation" (same verse)
ποτήριον (poterion — cup)	G4221	1	"into the cup" — receptacle of wrath
κεράννυμι (kerannymi — to mix)	G2767	0 direct, but implicit	the very verb ἄκρατος negates

With only one verse of evidence, every collocation above is drawn from the immediate context of Rev 14:10.

Word Family / Cognates¶

κεράννυμι (kerannymi) G2767 — "to mix, mingle (wine)" — the verb ἄκρατος negates. Appears in Rev 14:10 itself (κεκερασμένου — "mixed/poured") and Rev 18:6, producing the paradox that the cup is both κεκερασμένου (prepared) and ἄκρατος (undiluted). The former refers to the act of preparing/serving the cup; the latter to the strength of its contents.
κέρασμα / κρᾶσις (kerasma/krasis) — "a mixing, a mixture"; occurs in LXX Ps 74:9 (75:8 ET) for the wine of judgment.
συγκεράννυμι (synkerannymi) G4786 — "to mix together, blend" — same root family (1 Cor 12:24; Heb 4:2).

Synonyms¶

No close lexical synonyms were identified by search_relationships.py. The nearest semantic parallels are ἄδολος (G97) and πιστικός (G4101), already noted in Louw-Nida 79.20.

Antonyms¶

G2904 κράτος (kratos) — strength, might; formal lexical contrast supplied by the relationship data

UBS Semantic Domains¶

[079] Features of Objects — includes ἄδολος (G97), ἀκαθαρσία (G167), ἀκατακάλυπτος (G177), ἄκρον (G206), ἀμαράντινος (G262), ἀμάραντος (G263)

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Domain / Translation	Key Difference
ἄδολος (adolos)	G97	same subdomain 79.20 ("pure, unadulterated")	adolos = not-deceitful, guileless; used of pure milk (1 Pet 2:2) — positive/nurturing connotation
πιστικός (pistikos)	G4101	same subdomain 79.20 ("pure")	pistikos = genuine, unadulterated; used of spikenard ointment (Mark 14:3; John 12:3) — positive/costly connotation
καθαρός (katharos)	G2513	broader "pure" concept (domain 79)	katharos = ritually/morally clean; not about dilution. Frequent NT word for moral purity
ἄμωμος (amomos)	G299	domain 79, "without blemish"	amomos = unblemished sacrificial purity; used of Christ and believers (Eph 1:4; 1 Pet 1:19)

Of the three words in subdomain 79.20, only ἄκρατος carries a judicial/destructive connotation. The other two describe desirable undiluted goods; ἄκρατος describes undiluted wrath.

Hebrew Source¶

Not translated from a specific Hebrew word (no LXX mapping for G194 in strongs_translations.db). However, the conceptual background draws on the Hebrew cup-of-wrath passages, where the LXX translates with cognate forms of κεράννυμι:

Hebrew Source	Strong's	Connection
מֶסֶךְ (mesek)	H4538	"mixture" — Ps 75:8 "wine... full of mixture"
מָסַךְ (masak)	H4537	"to mix, mingle" (wine) — Ps 75:8; Prov 9:2, 5; Isa 5:22; 19:14
חֵמָה (chemah)	H2534	"wrath, hot anger" — the typical noun in OT "cup of wrath" passages (Jer 25:15; Isa 51:17, 22)
יַיִן (yayin)	H3196	"wine" — substance in the cup in every OT cup-of-wrath text

Interpretive Notes on Rev 14:10 Syntax¶

The same verse contains both κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου ("mixed undiluted") — an apparent contradiction. Greek interpreters resolve it as follows: κεκερασμένου refers to the preparation/pouring of the cup (the standard verb for serving wine), while ἀκράτου specifies that what was poured in was the wrath itself, at full strength, with no water added. The wine is "served up" but not "watered down." This reverses the normal Greco-Roman drinking practice where κεράννυμι presupposes dilution.