G2586 — καπνός (kapnós)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: G2586
Original: καπνός
Transliteration: kapnós
Pronunciation: kap-nos
Part of Speech: Masculine noun
Root: Of uncertain affinity
Occurrences: 13 tokens in 11 verses; 2 books (Acts, Revelation)
First Occurrence: Acts 2:19 — "blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke"
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

Of uncertain affinity; smoke — the visible gas produced by combustion. Used only literally in the NT. No abstract or figurative extensions.

Louw-Nida Semantic Domain¶

Domain: 1 — Geographical Objects and Features
Subdomain: 1.5 — Atmospheric Objects
Other words in subdomain: ἀτμίς (G822, vapor/mist), ἶρις (G2463, rainbow), νεφέλη (G3507, cloud)

UBS Semantic Domains¶

[001] Geographical Objects and Features — UBS likewise classifies καπνός as a concrete atmospheric feature rather than an abstract metaphor word.

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Verses	%
smoke	9	81.8%
a smoke	1	9.1%
of smoke	1	9.1%
the smoke	1	9.1%
with smoke	1	9.1%

All translations are variants of "smoke." No semantic range beyond the single core meaning.

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
Revelation	10	2.5
Acts	1	0.1

91% of occurrences are in Revelation. Revelation density is ~25× higher than Acts. The single Acts occurrence is an OT quotation (Joel 2:30). The word belongs almost entirely to NT apocalyptic discourse.

Semantic Categories¶

1. Prophetic Sign (Joel Quotation)¶

Acts 2:19 — "And I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke" — Peter cites Joel 2:30 (LXX) as fulfilled; smoke belongs to the classic OT apocalyptic triad

2. Incense Smoke Ascending Before God¶

Rev 8:4 — "And the smoke of the incense, [which came] with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand" — smoke as vehicle carrying worship upward; echoes tabernacle/temple incense rite

3. Smoke from the Abyss¶

Rev 9:2 — "And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit"
Rev 9:3 — "And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth" — demonic emergence through darkening smoke; the furnace image echoes Gen 19:28 (Sodom) and Exod 19:18 (Sinai)

4. Fire, Smoke, and Brimstone as Instruments of Judgment¶

Rev 9:17 — "out of their mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone"
Rev 9:18 — "By these three was the third part of men killed, by the fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone, which issued out of their mouths" — the triad πῦρ + καπνός + θεῖον as a single weapon

5. Eternal Consequence / Perpetual Rising¶

Rev 14:11 — "And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image"
Rev 19:3 — "And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up for ever and ever" — ascending smoke as marker of permanent, irrevocable judgment (cf. Isa 34:10)

6. Divine Glory Filling the Temple¶

Rev 15:8 — "And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from his power; and no man was able to enter into the temple, till the seven plagues of the seven angels were fulfilled" — theophanic smoke blocking access; echoes Isa 6:4 and Exod 40:34-35

7. Smoke of Babylon's Destruction¶

Rev 18:9 — "shall bewail her, and lament for her, when they shall see the smoke of her burning"
Rev 18:18 — "And cried when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, What [city is] like unto this great city!" — visible smoke as evidence of catastrophic fall; πύρωσις (burning) is the paired noun

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occ	Typical Pattern
ἀναβαίνω (ascend/arise)	G305	4x	"smoke ascending up" (Rev 8:4; 9:2; 14:11; 19:3)
πῦρ (fire)	G4442	3x	"fire and smoke and brimstone" (Rev 9:17-18; Acts 2:19)
γῆ (earth)	G1093	3x	signs in the earth; locusts on the earth
θεῖον (brimstone)	G2303	2x	judgment triad: fire + smoke + brimstone (Rev 9:17-18)
αἰών (forever/age)	G165	2x	"smoke ascendeth up for ever and ever" (Rev 14:11; 19:3)
πύρωσις (burning)	G4451	2x	"smoke of her burning" (Rev 18:9, 18:18)
στόμα (mouth)	G4750	2x	fire/smoke/brimstone issuing from mouths (Rev 9:17-18)

Word Family / Cognates¶

No direct Greek cognates in the NT. Hebrew source word family: - H6225 עָשַׁן (ʻâshan) — the verb: to smoke, emit smoke - H6227 עָשָׁן (ʻâshân) — the noun: smoke (primary OT equivalent via LXX)

Synonyms¶

No direct curated synonyms returned by search_relationships.py.

Antonyms¶

No direct curated antonyms returned by search_relationships.py.

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
עָשָׁן (ʻâshân)	H6227	both = "smoke"	Hebrew noun counterpart in OT; shares meaning fully but not language
עָשַׁן (ʻâshan)	H6225	both translated "smoke"	Hebrew verb form "to emit smoke" — kapnós is strictly a noun
ἀτμίς (atmis)	G822	both = "vapour" in Acts 2:19	atmis = water vapor, mist, breath-cloud; kapnós = smoke from combustion specifically

Hebrew Source¶

Hebrew Source	Strong's	LXX Co-occ	PMI Score	Notes
עָשָׁן (ʻâshân)	H6227	20x	30.28	Primary — consistent LXX equivalent
אֵשׁ (ʼêsh, fire)	H784	7x	9.43	Co-occurring: fire and smoke together
עָלָה (ʻâlâh, ascend)	H5927	8x	7.69	The rising action of smoke
בָּעַר (bâʻar, burn/kindle)	H1197	3x	7.33	The burning that produces smoke