H7676 — שַׁבָּת (shabbâth)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: H7676
Original: שַׁבָּת
Transliteration: shabbâth
Pronunciation: shab-bawth'
Part of Speech: Masculine/feminine noun
Root: שָׁבַת (shavat, H7673) — to cease, desist, rest; shabbâth is its intensive noun form
Occurrences: 89 unique verses (109 tokens) across 15 books
First Occurrence: Exo 16:23 — "To morrow is the rest of the holy sabbath unto the LORD"
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

Intensive from H7673 (שָׁבַת); intermission, i.e. specifically the Sabbath — (every) sabbath.

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Verses	%
the sabbath	35	39.3%
my sabbaths	14	15.7%
on the sabbath	9	10.1%
a sabbath	6	6.7%
sabbath	6	6.7%
her sabbaths	3	3.4%
sabbaths / and sabbaths	4	4.5%
Other forms	12	13.5%

Nearly every rendering is a form of "sabbath" — the word was borrowed directly into English and all translation traditions.

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
Nehemiah	10	2.5
Leviticus	18	2.1
Ezekiel	15	1.2
Exodus	13	1.1
2 Kings	5	0.7
2 Chronicles	6	0.7
Amos	1	0.7
Lamentations	1	0.6
Isaiah	6	0.5
Hosea	1	0.5
Deuteronomy	3	0.3
Jeremiah	4	0.3
Numbers	3	0.2
1 Chronicles	2	0.2
Psalms	1	0.0

Concentrated in Leviticus (law), Nehemiah (post-exilic enforcement), Ezekiel (prophetic rebuke), and Exodus (founding legislation). Entirely absent from wisdom literature (Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes) and most of the historical books.

Semantic Categories¶

1. Weekly Seventh-Day Rest¶

The foundational use: the seventh day of the week, set apart from labor and ordinary activity. - Exo 20:8 — "Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy." - Exo 20:10 — "But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work." - Exo 16:26 — "Six days ye shall gather it; but on the seventh day, which is the sabbath, in it there shall be none." - Deu 5:14–15 — "The seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God... And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt."

2. Covenant Sign Between God and Israel¶

The sabbath functions as a treaty-sign (אוֹת) marking Israel's unique relationship to Yahweh. - Exo 31:13 — "Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it is a sign between me and you." - Eze 20:12 — "Moreover also I gave them my sabbaths, to be a sign between me and them, that they might know that I am the LORD." - Eze 20:20 — "Hallow my sabbaths; and they shall be a sign between me and you, that ye may know that I am the LORD your God."

3. Practical Regulations (Commerce, Labor, Gates)¶

Nehemiah and the prophets address specific violations — commerce, agriculture, and city gates. - Jer 17:21 — "Take heed to yourselves, and bear no burden on the sabbath day, nor bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem." - Neh 13:15–16 — Nehemiah sees treading of winepresses, laden donkeys, and Tyrian merchants selling fish on the sabbath. - Neh 13:19 — "When the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut." - Amos 8:5 — "Saying, When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath, that we may set forth wheat?"

4. Annual Solemn Rest Days¶

Beyond the weekly cycle, shabbâth also designates special cessation days within the festival calendar. - Lev 16:31 — "It shall be a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls" (Day of Atonement). - Lev 23:32 — "It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls" (Feast of Tabernacles). - Lev 23:3 — "The seventh day is the sabbath of rest, an holy convocation."

5. Sabbatical Year — Land Sabbath¶

Every seventh year the agricultural land itself observes a sabbath. - Lev 25:4 — "But in the seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land, a sabbath for the LORD." - Lev 26:34 — "Then shall the land enjoy her sabbaths, as long as it lieth desolate." - 2Ch 36:21 — "To fulfil the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed her sabbaths."

6. Sabbath Profanation as Covenant Breach¶

Ezekiel and Nehemiah treat sabbath violation as symptomatic of total covenant unfaithfulness. - Eze 20:13 — "They walked not in my statutes, and they despised my judgments... and my sabbaths they greatly polluted." - Eze 22:8 — "Thou hast despised mine holy things, and hast profaned my sabbaths." - Neh 13:17–18 — "What evil thing is this that ye do, and profane the sabbath day?... ye bring more wrath upon Israel by profaning the sabbath." - Lam 2:6 — "He hath caused the solemn feasts and sabbaths to be forgotten in Zion."

7. Eschatological Universal Sabbath¶

Isaiah projects sabbath observance outward to foreigners and forward to the new creation. - Isa 56:2 — "Blessed is the man... that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it." - Isa 56:4–6 — Eunuchs and foreigners who keep the sabbath are included in the covenant. - Isa 58:13 — "If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath... and call the sabbath a delight." - Isa 66:23 — "From one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me."

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occ	Typical Pattern
יְהֹוָה (Yahweh)	H3068	40x	"sabbath of the LORD" — divine ownership formula
יוֹם (yom, day)	H3117	38x	"sabbath day" — specifying the time unit
עָשָׂה (asah, do/work)	H6213	25x	"thou shalt not do any work" — prohibition formula
בּוֹא (bow, come/enter)	H935	18x	entering the sabbath; entering gates on sabbath
שָׁמַר (shamar, keep)	H8104	16x	"keep the sabbath" — the central command
חֹדֶשׁ (chodesh, new moon)	H2320	14x	"new moon and sabbath" — calendar pair
חָלַל (chalal, profane)	H2490	12x	"profane the sabbath" — covenant violation
קָדַשׁ (qadash, sanctify)	H6942	12x	"sanctify/hallow the sabbath"
קֹדֶשׁ (qodesh, holiness)	H6944	11x	"holy sabbath" — attribute phrase
שְׁבִיעִי (shebii, seventh)	H7637	11x	"the seventh day is the sabbath"

Word Family / Cognates¶

H7673 שָׁבַת (shavat) — root verb: to cease, desist, rest; shabbâth is its intensive noun form
H7677 שַׁבָּתוֹן (shabbathon) — extended form: sabbatism, special solemn rest; used for the Day of Atonement and other high observances

Synonyms¶

No direct synonyms were returned by search_relationships.py for H7676.

Antonyms¶

No antonyms were returned by search_relationships.py for H7676.

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
שַׁבָּתוֹן (shabbathon)	H7677	"a sabbath"	Shabbathon = intensified or special-day sabbatism; shabbâth = the regular weekly or annual institution
σάββατον (sabbaton)	G4521	"sabbath" (in KJV NT verses)	Direct Greek loan word from shabbâth via LXX; meaning is identical; the distinction is purely linguistic/chronological

Semantic Domains¶

UBS / Relationship Domains¶

[003001013] Names of Times — shabbâth functions primarily as the name of a fixed sacred time rather than a generic rest-state.

LXX Mapping¶

Greek Equivalent	Strong's	Co-occ	Notes
σάββατον (sabbaton)	G4521	84x (PMI 35.07)	Near-exclusive LXX rendering; direct transliteration
νουμηνία (noumenia, new moon)	G3561	10x	Co-occurs in calendar pairs ("new moon and sabbath")
ἀνάπαυσις (anapausis, rest)	G372	7x	Used when sabbath = cessation/rest concept
ἑβδόμος (hebdomos, seventh)	G1442	10x	In contexts identifying "the seventh day"

The LXX bond to G4521 (PMI 35.07) is among the strongest Hebrew→Greek alignments in the corpus — σάββατον is functionally a transliteration, not a translation.