Grammar Analysis: Revelation 10:1-11 (The Mighty Angel, the Open Little Book, and the Renewed Prophetic Commission)¶
Mode: Passage unit analysis (context-neutral) Scope: Rev 10:1-11 as a coherent literary unit — the mighty angel's descent (vv.1-4), the oath over time (vv.5-7), and the little-book commission (vv.8-11). Aim: Verse-by-verse parsing, tense/mood/voice map, and documentation of the four load-bearing grammatical features: (a) ἠνεῳγμένον — perfect passive participle marking the little book's permanently opened state, (b) ὤμοσεν — aorist indicative oath formula with participial divine identification, (c) χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται — future indicative negation of delay, (d) δεῖ σε πάλιν προφητεῦσαι — impersonal necessity + aorist infinitive of renewed prophetic commission. Grammar only; interpretive theology is deferred to downstream studies.
1. Text (Nestle 1904 / parser output with KJV)¶
| v. | Greek (N1904) | KJV |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Καὶ εἶδον ἄλλον ἄγγελον ἰσχυρὸν καταβαίνοντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην, καὶ ἡ ἶρις ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος, καὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς στῦλοι πυρός, | And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: |
| 2 | καὶ ἔχων ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ βιβλαρίδιον ἠνεῳγμένον. καὶ ἔθηκεν τὸν πόδα αὐτοῦ τὸν δεξιὸν ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, τὸν δὲ εὐώνυμον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, | And he had in his hand a little book open: and he set his right foot upon the sea, and his left foot on the earth, |
| 3 | καὶ ἔκραξεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ὥσπερ λέων μυκᾶται. καὶ ὅτε ἔκραξεν, ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν φωνάς. | And cried with a loud voice, as when a lion roareth: and when he had cried, seven thunders uttered their voices. |
| 4 | Καὶ ὅτε ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταί, ἤμελλον γράφειν· καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ λέγουσαν Σφράγισον ἃ ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταί, καὶ μὴ αὐτὰ γράψῃς. | And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I was about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Seal up those things which the seven thunders uttered, and write them not. |
| 5 | Καὶ ὁ ἄγγελος, ὃν εἶδον ἑστῶτα ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ἦρεν τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν, | And the angel which I saw stand upon the sea and upon the earth lifted up his hand to heaven, |
| 6 | καὶ ὤμοσεν ἐν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, ὃς ἔκτισεν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ, ὅτι χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται, | And sware by him that liveth for ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things that therein are, and the earth, and the things that therein are, and the sea, and the things which are therein, that there should be time no longer: |
| 7 | ἀλλ' ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ ἑβδόμου ἀγγέλου, ὅταν μέλλῃ σαλπίζειν, καὶ ἐτελέσθη τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὡς εὐηγγέλισεν τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ δούλους τοὺς προφήτας. | But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound, the mystery of God should be finished, as he hath declared to his servants the prophets. |
| 8 | Καὶ ἡ φωνὴ ἣν ἤκουσα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, πάλιν λαλοῦσαν μετ' ἐμοῦ καὶ λέγουσαν Ὕπαγε λάβε τὸ βιβλίον τὸ ἠνεῳγμένον ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τοῦ ἀγγέλου τοῦ ἑστῶτος ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. | And the voice which I heard from heaven spake unto me again, and said, Go and take the little book which is open in the hand of the angel which standeth upon the sea and upon the earth. |
| 9 | καὶ ἀπῆλθα πρὸς τὸν ἄγγελον, λέγων αὐτῷ δοῦναί μοι τὸ βιβλαρίδιον. καὶ λέγει μοι Λάβε καὶ κατάφαγε αὐτό, καὶ πικρανεῖ σου τὴν κοιλίαν, ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ στόματί σου ἔσται γλυκὺ ὡς μέλι. | And I went unto the angel, and said unto him, Give me the little book. And he said unto me, Take it, and eat it up; and it shall make thy belly bitter, but it shall be in thy mouth sweet as honey. |
| 10 | καὶ ἔλαβον τὸ βιβλαρίδιον ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου καὶ κατέφαγον αὐτό, καὶ ἦν ἐν τῷ στόματί μου ὡς μέλι γλυκύ· καὶ ὅτε ἔφαγον αὐτό, ἐπικράνθη ἡ κοιλία μου. | And I took the little book out of the angel's hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and as soon as I had eaten it, my belly was bitter. |
| 11 | καὶ λέγουσίν μοι Δεῖ σε πάλιν προφητεῦσαι ἐπὶ λαοῖς καὶ ἔθνεσιν καὶ γλώσσαις καὶ βασιλεῦσιν πολλοῖς. | And he said unto me, Thou must prophesy again before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and kings. |
2. Verse-by-Verse Parsing Tables (from greek_parser.py)¶
Rev 10:1¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Καὶ | καί | G2532 | CONJ |
| 2 | εἶδον | ὁράω | G3708 | V-2AAI-1S — Aor Act Ind 1s |
| 3 | ἄλλον | ἄλλος | G243 | A-ASM — Acc Sg M |
| 4 | ἄγγελον | ἄγγελος | G32 | N-ASM — Acc Sg M |
| 5 | ἰσχυρὸν | ἰσχυρός | G2478 | A-ASM — Acc Sg M |
| 6 | καταβαίνοντα | καταβαίνω | G2597 | V-PAP-ASM — Pres Act Ptcp Acc Sg M |
| 7 | ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ | ἐκ / ὁ / οὐρανός | G1537/G3588/G3772 | PREP + T-GSM + N-GSM |
| 8 | περιβεβλημένον | περιβάλλω | G4016 | V-RPP-ASM — Perf Pass Ptcp Acc Sg M |
| 9 | νεφέλην | νεφέλη | G3507 | N-ASF — Acc Sg F |
| 10 | ἡ ἶρις | ὁ / ἶρις | G3588/G2463 | T-NSF + N-NSF — Nom Sg F |
| 11 | ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ | ἐπί / ὁ / κεφαλή / αὐτός | G1909/G3588/G2776/G846 | PREP + T-ASF + N-ASF + P-GSM |
| 12 | τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ | ὁ / πρόσωπον / αὐτός | G3588/G4383/G846 | T-NSN + N-NSN + P-GSM |
| 13 | ὡς ὁ ἥλιος | ὡς / ὁ / ἥλιος | G5613/G3588/G2246 | ADV + T-NSM + N-NSM |
| 14 | οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ | ὁ / πούς / αὐτός | G3588/G4228/G846 | T-NPM + N-NPM + P-GSM |
| 15 | ὡς στῦλοι πυρός | ὡς / στῦλος / πῦρ | G5613/G4769/G4442 | ADV + N-NPM + N-GSN |
Verbal frame: Main verb εἶδον (V-2AAI-1S, second aorist of ὁράω) governs the entire verse. Two participles modify the accusative object ἄγγελον: (1) καταβαίνοντα (V-PAP-ASM, present active — ongoing descent as John observes), (2) περιβεβλημένον (V-RPP-ASM, perfect passive — settled state of having been clothed with a cloud). The present participle captures the angel in the act of descending; the perfect passive captures a condition already in place. Three verbless nominal clauses follow (ἡ ἶρις ἐπί..., τὸ πρόσωπον... ὡς..., οἱ πόδες... ὡς...) each providing descriptive predicates without a finite verb.
περιβεβλημένον (G4016) — Perfect passive participle of περιβάλλω ("throw around, clothe"). The perfect marks not the act of putting on but the abiding state of being clothed. Accusative νεφέλην functions as a retained accusative of the thing clothed with (a Greek double-accusative verb in the passive retaining its second accusative). Same construction in Rev 12:1 (γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον — "a woman clothed with the sun") and Rev 19:13 (περιβεβλημένος ἱμάτιον — "clothed with a vesture"). See grammar reference: participle-perfect-passive-state, tense-perfect.
Rev 10:2¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔχων | ἔχω | G2192 | V-PAP-NSM — Pres Act Ptcp Nom Sg M |
| 2 | ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ | ἐν / ὁ / χείρ / αὐτός | G1722/G3588/G5495/G846 | PREP + T-DSF + N-DSF + P-GSM |
| 3 | βιβλαρίδιον | βιβλαρίδιον | G974 | N-ASN — Acc Sg N |
| 4 | ἠνεῳγμένον | ἀνοίγω | G455 | V-RPP-ASN — Perf Pass Ptcp Acc Sg N |
| 5 | ἔθηκεν | τίθημι | G5087 | V-AAI-3S — Aor Act Ind 3s |
| 6 | τὸν πόδα αὐτοῦ τὸν δεξιὸν | ὁ / πούς / αὐτός / ὁ / δεξιός | G3588/G4228/G846/G3588/G1188 | T-ASM + N-ASM + P-GSM + T-ASM + A-ASM |
| 7 | ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης | ἐπί / ὁ / θάλασσα | G1909/G3588/G2281 | PREP + T-GSF + N-GSF |
| 8 | τὸν δὲ εὐώνυμον | ὁ / δέ / εὐώνυμος | G3588/G1161/G2176 | T-ASM + CONJ + A-ASM |
| 9 | ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς | ἐπί / ὁ / γῆ | G1909/G3588/G1093 | PREP + T-GSF + N-GSF |
ἠνεῳγμένον (G455) — Perfect passive participle, accusative singular neuter (V-RPP-ASN) of ἀνοίγω. This is the first and defining grammatical marker of the little book's state. The form consists of the augment ἠ- + reduplicated stem νεῳγ- + passive participial suffix -μένον. The perfect tense marks this as a resultant state: the book was opened at some prior point and now stands in the condition of being open. The passive voice indicates the book was opened by an agent other than the one holding it.
This perfect passive participle stands in sharp contrast to the aorist active forms of ἀνοίγω used throughout the seal-opening sequence (Rev 6:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12; 8:1 — all ἤνοιξεν V-AAI-3S), where the Lamb performs discrete opening acts. The βιβλαρίδιον is not being opened; it is already open and remains so throughout the chapter. The identical form ἠνεῳγμένον recurs at v.8, reinforcing the permanence of the state. Other Revelation occurrences of this perfect passive participle of ἀνοίγω include:
| Reference | Form | Parsing | What Is Open |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 3:8 | ἠνεῳγμένην | V-RPP-ASF | an open door |
| Rev 4:1 | ἠνεῳγμένη | V-RPP-NSF | a door opened in heaven |
| Rev 10:2 | ἠνεῳγμένον | V-RPP-ASN | the little book |
| Rev 10:8 | ἠνεῳγμένον | V-RPP-ASN | the little book (repeated) |
| Rev 19:11 | ἠνεῳγμένον | V-RPP-ASM | heaven opened |
Every instance describes an entity whose opened state is a settled condition, not an event in progress.
See grammar reference: participle-perfect-passive-state; word study: G455-anoigo, G974-bibliaridion.
Rev 10:3¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔκραξεν | κράζω | G2896 | V-AAI-3S — Aor Act Ind 3s |
| 2 | φωνῇ μεγάλῃ | φωνή / μέγας | G5456/G3173 | N-DSF + A-DSF — dative of manner |
| 3 | ὥσπερ | ὥσπερ | G5618 | ADV — "just as" |
| 4 | λέων μυκᾶται | λέων / μυκάομαι | G3023/G3455 | N-NSM + V-PNI-3S — Pres Mid/Pass Ind 3s |
| 5 | ὅτε ἔκραξεν | ὅτε / κράζω | G3753/G2896 | ADV (temporal) + V-AAI-3S |
| 6 | ἐλάλησαν | λαλέω | G2980 | V-AAI-3P — Aor Act Ind 3p |
| 7 | αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ | ὁ / ἑπτά / βροντή | G3588/G2033/G1027 | T-NPF + A-NUI + N-NPF |
| 8 | τὰς ἑαυτῶν φωνάς | ὁ / ἑαυτοῦ / φωνή | G3588/G1438/G5456 | T-APF + F-3GPF + N-APF |
Verbal frame: Two aorist indicatives (ἔκραξεν × 2, ἐλάλησαν) narrate sequential events. The simile introduces a present indicative μυκᾶται (middle/passive deponent of μυκάομαι, "to bellow/roar") — the gnomic present describes what a lion characteristically does, providing the backdrop for the aorist narrative. The reflexive pronoun ἑαυτῶν with φωνάς ("their own voices") marks the thunders as entities possessing distinct, individual utterances.
Rev 10:4¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅτε ἐλάλησαν | ὅτε / λαλέω | G3753/G2980 | ADV + V-AAI-3P |
| 2 | ἤμελλον | μέλλω | G3195 | V-IAI-1S-ATT — Impf Act Ind 1s (Attic form) |
| 3 | γράφειν | γράφω | G1125 | V-PAN — Pres Act Inf (complementary) |
| 4 | ἤκουσα | ἀκούω | G191 | V-AAI-1S — Aor Act Ind 1s |
| 5 | φωνὴν ... λέγουσαν | φωνή / λέγω | G5456/G3004 | N-ASF + V-PAP-ASF — Pres Act Ptcp Acc Sg F |
| 6 | Σφράγισον | σφραγίζω | G4972 | V-AAM-2S — Aor Act Impv 2s |
| 7 | ἃ ἐλάλησαν | ὅς / λαλέω | G3739/G2980 | R-APN + V-AAI-3P |
| 8 | μὴ ... γράψῃς | μή / γράφω | G3361/G1125 | PRT-N + V-AAS-2S — Aor Act Subj 2s |
ἤμελλον γράφειν — Imperfect of μέλλω + present infinitive = "I was about to write" (conative imperfect: the intention existed but was interrupted). The Attic form ἤμελλον (with initial ἠ- augment) is parser-verified.
Σφράγισον (V-AAM-2S) — Aorist active imperative of σφραγίζω ("seal up"). The aorist imperative treats the sealing as a single decisive act: seal them up at once. This contrasts with the present imperative which would suggest ongoing sealing activity.
μὴ αὐτὰ γράψῃς — Prohibitive subjunctive (μή + aorist active subjunctive). The aorist subjunctive with μή functions as a specific prohibition against a particular act: "do not write these things down." This is the standard construction for prohibiting a specific future action (in contrast to μή + present imperative, which prohibits an ongoing activity).
Rev 10:5¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ ἄγγελος | ὁ / ἄγγελος | G3588/G32 | T-NSM + N-NSM |
| 2 | ὃν εἶδον | ὅς / ὁράω | G3739/G3708 | R-ASM + V-2AAI-1S |
| 3 | ἑστῶτα | ἵστημι | G2476 | V-RAP-ASM — Perf Act Ptcp Acc Sg M |
| 4 | ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης | ἐπί / ὁ / θάλασσα | G1909/G3588/G2281 | PREP + T-GSF + N-GSF |
| 5 | ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς | ἐπί / ὁ / γῆ | G1909/G3588/G1093 | PREP + T-GSF + N-GSF |
| 6 | ἦρεν | αἴρω | G142 | V-AAI-3S — Aor Act Ind 3s |
| 7 | τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν | ὁ / χείρ / αὐτός / ὁ / δεξιός | G3588/G5495/G846/G3588/G1188 | T-ASF + N-ASF + P-GSM + T-ASF + A-ASF |
| 8 | εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν | εἰς / ὁ / οὐρανός | G1519/G3588/G3772 | PREP + T-ASM + N-ASM |
ἑστῶτα (G2476) — Perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine (V-RAP-ASM) of ἵστημι. This is a stative perfect — one of the paradigm cases where the perfect has lost its reference to a prior act and functions purely as a present state: "standing." The angel is not described as having taken a stand (completed action) but as being in the posture of standing. This form recurs at v.8 in the genitive (ἑστῶτος, V-RAP-GSM), where the angel is described from the viewpoint of the voice commanding John. The stative perfect of ἵστημι is well attested in Revelation (cf. Rev 5:6 ἑστηκὸς V-RAP-ASN of the Lamb; Rev 3:20 ἕστηκα V-RAI-1S). See tense-perfect section 3 (Stative Perfect).
ἦρεν (V-AAI-3S) — Aorist of αἴρω, "lifted." A single, decisive act of raising the hand in preparation for the oath. The gesture-verb is aorist (punctiliar) while the posture-verb is perfect (stative), reflecting the difference between a transitional action (lifting) and an enduring condition (standing).
Rev 10:6¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὤμοσεν | ὀμνύω | G3660 | V-AAI-3S — Aor Act Ind 3s |
| 2 | ἐν τῷ ζῶντι | ἐν / ὁ / ζάω | G1722/G3588/G2198 | PREP + T-DSM + V-PAP-DSM (Pres Act Ptcp Dat Sg M) |
| 3 | εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων | εἰς / ὁ / αἰών / ὁ / αἰών | G1519/G3588/G165/G3588/G165 | PREP + T-APM + N-APM + T-GPM + N-GPM |
| 4 | ὃς ἔκτισεν | ὅς / κτίζω | G3739/G2936 | R-NSM + V-AAI-3S |
| 5 | τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ | — | — | creation-domain triad: heaven |
| 6 | τὴν γῆν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ | — | — | creation-domain triad: earth |
| 7 | τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ | — | — | creation-domain triad: sea |
| 8 | ὅτι | ὅτι | G3754 | CONJ — content of oath |
| 9 | χρόνος | χρόνος | G5550 | N-NSM — Nom Sg M |
| 10 | οὐκέτι | οὐκέτι | G3765 | ADV-N — negative adverb |
| 11 | ἔσται | εἰμί | G1510 | V-FDI-3S — Fut Mid Ind 3s |
The Oath Formula: ὤμοσεν ἐν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων
This is the central grammatical construction of the chapter. The verb ὤμοσεν (V-AAI-3S, aorist active indicative of ὀμνύω G3660) reports the oath as a completed act. The prepositional phrase ἐν τῷ ζῶντι provides the oath-mediator (the one sworn by), using a substantival present active participle — τῷ ζῶντι (V-PAP-DSM of ζάω G2198) — "the living one," with the article converting the participle to a substantive noun. The temporal extension εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων ("unto the ages of the ages") qualifies the participle: the one who lives forever and ever.
The oath formula ὤμοσεν ἐν + dative is standard NT oath syntax. Cf. Heb 6:13 ὤμοσεν καθ' ἑαυτοῦ (God swore by himself — see heb-6-13-18); Heb 6:16 ἄνθρωποι κατὰ τοῦ μείζονος ὀμνύουσιν ("men swear by the greater"). The preposition ἐν here functions equivalently to κατά + genitive — both express the entity invoked as guarantor. The aorist treats the entire swearing as a single bounded event, contrasting with the gnomic present ὀμνύουσιν in Heb 6:16 (what men characteristically do).
The oath formula parallels Daniel 12:7 (LXX / MT): the man clothed in linen raises both hands and swears בְּחֵי הָעוֹלָם / ἐν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα — the identical participial designation of the eternal God as the oath's guarantor. Both passages share: (1) an angelic figure, (2) positioned over water, (3) raising hand(s) toward heaven, (4) swearing by the one who lives forever, (5) declaring a time-related pronouncement. The grammatical connection is lexically exact: same verb (ὀμνύω), same preposition (ἐν), same substantival participle (ζάω). See dan-12-7-11-12 for the Hebrew parsing of the oath.
The relative clause ὃς ἔκτισεν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ identifies the oath-guarantor as the Creator. The verb ἔκτισεν (V-AAI-3S of κτίζω G2936) is a constative aorist summarizing the entire creative work as one act. The threefold domain (heaven + its contents, earth + its contents, sea + its contents) uses substantival articular prepositional phrases (τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ / τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ) — the article τά converts each prepositional phrase into a neuter plural substantive: "the things in it."
See word studies: G3660-omnyo, G5550-chronos.
χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται — "time shall be no longer" / "there shall be no more delay"
The content of the oath is introduced by ὅτι (content conjunction, not causal). The clause χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται consists of: - χρόνος (N-NSM of χρόνος G5550) — anarthrous nominative subject, "time" or "delay" - οὐκέτι (ADV-N) — compound negative adverb from οὐκ + ἔτι, "no longer / no more" - ἔσται (V-FDI-3S) — future middle/deponent indicative of εἰμί, "shall be"
The verbal form is critically significant: ἔσται is the future tense of εἰμί, not a present or perfect. The oath does not declare that time has already ceased but that it shall cease — a future-oriented pronouncement. The negation οὐκέτι ("no longer") presupposes a prior state in which the thing negated did exist: there was χρόνος, and there shall be χρόνος no more.
The noun χρόνος (G5550) denotes elapsed duration / measured time-span, as distinct from καιρός (G2540, appointed season) and αἰών (G165, age/epoch). The anarthrous χρόνος here is qualitative — the declaration concerns the concept of time/delay as such, not a specific time period (which would require the article or a genitive modifier).
The grammatical structure — future indicative in the content clause of an aorist oath — creates a solemn prophetic pronouncement: the oath was sworn as a completed past event (ὤμοσεν, aorist) but the sworn content looks forward (ἔσται, future).
Rev 10:7¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀλλ' | ἀλλά | G235 | CONJ — strong adversative |
| 2 | ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις | ἐν / ὁ / ἡμέρα | G1722/G3588/G2250 | PREP + T-DPF + N-DPF |
| 3 | τῆς φωνῆς | ὁ / φωνή | G3588/G5456 | T-GSF + N-GSF — gen. of source |
| 4 | τοῦ ἑβδόμου ἀγγέλου | ὁ / ἕβδομος / ἄγγελος | G3588/G1442/G32 | T-GSM + A-GSM + N-GSM |
| 5 | ὅταν μέλλῃ | ὅταν / μέλλω | G3752/G3195 | CONJ + V-PAS-3S — Pres Act Subj 3s |
| 6 | σαλπίζειν | σαλπίζω | G4537 | V-PAN — Pres Act Inf (complementary) |
| 7 | ἐτελέσθη | τελέω | G5055 | V-API-3S — Aor Pass Ind 3s |
| 8 | τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ | ὁ / μυστήριον / ὁ / θεός | G3588/G3466/G3588/G2316 | T-NSN + N-NSN + T-GSM + N-GSM |
| 9 | ὡς εὐηγγέλισεν | ὡς / εὐαγγελίζω | G5613/G2097 | ADV + V-AAI-3S |
| 10 | τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ δούλους τοὺς προφήτας | — | — | T-APM + F-3GSM + N-APM + T-APM + N-APM |
ὅταν μέλλῃ σαλπίζειν — Present active subjunctive of μέλλω (V-PAS-3S) + present active infinitive of σαλπίζω. ὅταν + subjunctive is a temporal-conditional construction: "whenever he is about to trumpet" (indefinite temporal clause referring to a future event whose exact timing is unspecified). μέλλω + infinitive = "to be about to / to be on the point of."
ἐτελέσθη (V-API-3S) — Aorist passive indicative of τελέω (G5055, "to complete, finish"). This is the proleptic aorist (also called futuristic or prophetic aorist): a future event described with the aorist tense as though it has already occurred, expressing the certainty of its completion. The mystery of God "was finished" (aorist) even though the seventh trumpet has not yet sounded. The divine passive leaves the agent implicit: God is the one who finishes his own mystery. Compare John 19:30 Τετέλεσται (perfect passive of the same verb) where the completed state of finishing is in view; here the aorist views the finishing as a bounded event.
εὐηγγέλισεν (V-AAI-3S) — Aorist active indicative of εὐαγγελίζω (G2097, "to announce good news"). The aorist treats God's declaration to his servants the prophets as a single historical act of proclamation. The double accusative construction (τοὺς ... δούλους = direct object of person receiving the announcement, with τοὺς προφήτας in apposition) follows the active voice pattern of this verb where it takes a person as direct object.
The three-deep genitive chain ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ ἑβδόμου ἀγγέλου ("in the days of the voice of the seventh angel") creates a temporal frame using stacked dependent genitives: days ← characterized by voice ← belonging to the seventh angel.
Rev 10:8¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἡ φωνὴ ἣν ἤκουσα | ὁ / φωνή / ὅς / ἀκούω | G3588/G5456/G3739/G191 | T-NSF + N-NSF + R-ASF + V-AAI-1S |
| 2 | πάλιν λαλοῦσαν | πάλιν / λαλέω | G3825/G2980 | ADV + V-PAP-ASF — Pres Act Ptcp Acc Sg F |
| 3 | λέγουσαν | λέγω | G3004 | V-PAP-ASF — Pres Act Ptcp Acc Sg F |
| 4 | Ὕπαγε | ὑπάγω | G5217 | V-PAM-2S — Pres Act Impv 2s |
| 5 | λάβε | λαμβάνω | G2983 | V-2AAM-2S — Aor Act Impv 2s |
| 6 | τὸ βιβλίον τὸ ἠνεῳγμένον | ὁ / βιβλίον / ὁ / ἀνοίγω | G3588/G975/G3588/G455 | T-ASN + N-ASN + T-ASN + V-RPP-ASN |
| 7 | ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τοῦ ἀγγέλου | ἐν / ὁ / χείρ / ὁ / ἄγγελος | G1722/G3588/G5495/G3588/G32 | PREP + T-DSF + N-DSF + T-GSM + N-GSM |
| 8 | τοῦ ἑστῶτος | ὁ / ἵστημι | G3588/G2476 | T-GSM + V-RAP-GSM — Perf Act Ptcp Gen Sg M |
| 9 | ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς | — | — | PREP + T-GSF + N-GSF × 2 |
Paired imperative moods: Ὕπαγε (V-PAM-2S, present active imperative of ὑπάγω) + λάβε (V-2AAM-2S, aorist active imperative of λαμβάνω). The present imperative for "go" describes the process of going (directional motion); the aorist imperative for "take" describes a single decisive act of taking. This aspectual pairing is characteristic of commission-commands where the journey is a process but the task is punctiliar.
τὸ βιβλίον τὸ ἠνεῳγμένον — Note the shift in terminology from βιβλαρίδιον (v.2, double diminutive) to βιβλίον (v.8, standard diminutive). The same perfect passive participle ἠνεῳγμένον (V-RPP-ASN) recurs, now in second-attributive position (article + noun + article + participle), functioning as a restrictive modifier: "the book — the one that has been opened." This attributive construction identifies the book by its opened state.
τοῦ ἑστῶτος (V-RAP-GSM) — Perfect active participle of ἵστημι in the genitive, modifying τοῦ ἀγγέλου. Same stative perfect as v.5 ἑστῶτα, now in the genitive case to agree with the genitive noun it modifies.
Rev 10:9¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀπῆλθα | ἀπέρχομαι | G565 | V-2AAI-1S — Aor Act Ind 1s |
| 2 | λέγων | λέγω | G3004 | V-PAP-NSM — Pres Act Ptcp Nom Sg M |
| 3 | δοῦναί | δίδωμι | G1325 | V-2AAN — Aor Act Inf |
| 4 | μοι τὸ βιβλαρίδιον | ἐγώ / ὁ / βιβλαρίδιον | G1473/G3588/G974 | P-1DS + T-ASN + N-ASN |
| 5 | λέγει | λέγω | G3004 | V-PAI-3S — Pres Act Ind 3s (historic present) |
| 6 | Λάβε | λαμβάνω | G2983 | V-2AAM-2S — Aor Act Impv 2s |
| 7 | κατάφαγε | κατεσθίω | G2719 | V-2AAM-2S — Aor Act Impv 2s |
| 8 | πικρανεῖ | πικραίνω | G4087 | V-FAI-3S — Fut Act Ind 3s |
| 9 | ἔσται γλυκὺ ὡς μέλι | εἰμί / γλυκύς / ὡς / μέλι | G1510/G1099/G5613/G3192 | V-FDI-3S + A-NSN + ADV + N-NSN |
λέγει (V-PAI-3S) — Historic present of λέγω. The present tense narrates a past event with vivid immediacy, a common Johannine narrative device. The shift from John's aorist narrative (ἀπῆλθα) to the angel's present-tense speech (λέγει) foregrounds the angel's words as dramatically prominent.
δοῦναί (V-2AAN) — Aorist active infinitive of δίδωμι, functioning as an indirect command/request: "telling him to give me." The aorist infinitive treats the giving as a single completed act.
κατάφαγε (V-2AAM-2S) — Aorist active imperative of κατεσθίω (G2719), a compound verb from κατά + ἐσθίω = "eat down / devour completely." The κατά prefix intensifies the basic eating to thorough consumption. The aorist imperative treats the devouring as a single decisive act. This echoes LXX Ezekiel 2:8–3:3, where the prophet is commanded to eat a scroll.
Tense contrast: πικρανεῖ (future active indicative of πικραίνω, "it shall make bitter") + ἔσται (future mid/dep indicative of εἰμί, "it shall be sweet"). Both are future indicatives, predicting the twofold consequence of consuming the scroll — bitterness in the belly, sweetness in the mouth.
Rev 10:10¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔλαβον | λαμβάνω | G2983 | V-2AAI-1S — Aor Act Ind 1s |
| 2 | κατέφαγον | κατεσθίω | G2719 | V-2AAI-1S — Aor Act Ind 1s |
| 3 | ἦν ... γλυκύ | εἰμί / γλυκύς | G1510/G1099 | V-IAI-3S — Impf Act Ind 3s + A-NSN |
| 4 | ὅτε ἔφαγον | ὅτε / ἐσθίω | G3753/G5315 | ADV + V-2AAI-1S |
| 5 | ἐπικράνθη | πικραίνω | G4087 | V-API-3S — Aor Pass Ind 3s |
| 6 | ἡ κοιλία μου | ὁ / κοιλία / ἐγώ | G3588/G2836/G1473 | T-NSF + N-NSF + P-1GS |
Tense sequence: ἔλαβον (aorist — took) → κατέφαγον (aorist — devoured) → ἦν γλυκύ (imperfect — was sweet, durative background state) → ἔφαγον (aorist — ate, temporal marker) → ἐπικράνθη (aorist passive — was made bitter). The imperfect ἦν interrupts the aorist chain to describe the ongoing sensory experience of sweetness while eating, before the aorist ἐπικράνθη snaps to the point when bitterness struck.
ἐπικράνθη (V-API-3S) — Aorist passive indicative of πικραίνω (G4087). The passive voice marks John's belly as the patient: it was made bitter (by the scroll's content), not that it became bitter on its own. Contrast v.9 πικρανεῖ (future active): there the scroll is the agent ("it shall make bitter your belly"); here the perspective shifts to the belly as the one affected ("my belly was made bitter"). The prefix ἐπι- adds directional force: the bitterness came upon (ἐπί) the belly.
Rev 10:11¶
| # | Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | λέγουσίν | λέγω | G3004 | V-PAI-3P — Pres Act Ind 3p |
| 2 | μοι | ἐγώ | G1473 | P-1DS — Dat Sg |
| 3 | Δεῖ | δεῖ | G1163 | V-PAI-3S — Pres Act Ind 3s (impersonal) |
| 4 | σε | σύ | G4771 | P-2AS — Acc Sg (accusative subject of infinitive) |
| 5 | πάλιν | πάλιν | G3825 | ADV — "again" |
| 6 | προφητεῦσαι | προφητεύω | G4395 | V-AAN — Aor Act Inf |
| 7 | ἐπὶ λαοῖς | ἐπί / λαός | G1909/G2992 | PREP + N-DPM — Dat Pl M |
| 8 | ἔθνεσιν | ἔθνος | G1484 | N-DPN — Dat Pl N |
| 9 | γλώσσαις | γλῶσσα | G1100 | N-DPF — Dat Pl F |
| 10 | βασιλεῦσιν πολλοῖς | βασιλεύς / πολύς | G935/G4183 | N-DPM + A-DPM — Dat Pl M |
Δεῖ σε πάλιν προφητεῦσαι — "You must prophesy again"
This is the grammatically densest clause in the chapter and the culminating commission of the passage. It consists of:
-
Δεῖ (V-PAI-3S of δεῖ G1163) — Impersonal verb, present active indicative 3rd singular. Δεῖ expresses divine necessity — not optional obligation, but binding compulsion rooted in God's purpose. The present tense marks this necessity as currently operative: the obligation exists now. Δεῖ takes an accusative subject + infinitive complement. In the NT, δεῖ carries the force of divine decree, prophetic inevitability, or theological requirement (see word study G1163-dei). Its distribution in Revelation is concentrated in commission and eschatological-necessity contexts: Rev 1:1 (ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι, "things which must come to pass"), Rev 4:1 (ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι, "things which must be"), Rev 11:5 (δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀποκτανθῆναι, "he must be killed"), Rev 17:10 (δεῖ αὐτὸν … μεῖναι, "he must continue"), Rev 20:3 (δεῖ λυθῆναι αὐτόν, "he must be loosed"), Rev 22:6 (ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι, "things which must be done").
-
σε (P-2AS) — Accusative of σύ, functioning as the subject of the infinitive. The second person directly addresses John as the recipient of the commission.
-
πάλιν (ADV, G3825) — "Again." This adverb is exegetically load-bearing: it presupposes a prior prophetic activity and mandates its resumption or repetition. Grammatically, πάλιν modifies the infinitive προφητεῦσαι, not the main verb δεῖ — it is not that the necessity recurs, but that the prophesying does.
-
προφητεῦσαι (V-AAN) — Aorist active infinitive of προφητεύω (G4395). The aorist infinitive (as complement of δεῖ) treats the prophesying as a complete, bounded act — not an ongoing process (which would take a present infinitive, as in 1 Cor 14:31 προφητεύειν V-PAN). The aorist frames the renewed commission as a definitive task to be accomplished. This is the only occurrence of the aorist infinitive of προφητεύω in the NT (parser-verified: the present infinitive appears at 1 Cor 14:31, 39; the aorist infinitive only here at Rev 10:11). The aorist may encompass the entire scope of prophesying that follows — the content of Revelation 11 onward.
λέγουσίν (V-PAI-3P) — Present active indicative 3rd plural: "they say to me." The KJV translates "he said unto me," but the Greek is unambiguously plural. The plural subject is unexpressed, creating grammatical ambiguity about who commissions John. The shift from singular (the angel, the voice from heaven) to an unnamed plural speaker at the chapter's climactic moment is a distinctive Johannine feature in Revelation.
ἐπὶ λαοῖς καὶ ἔθνεσιν καὶ γλώσσαις καὶ βασιλεῦσιν πολλοῖς — The preposition ἐπί governs a fourfold dative series. ἐπί + dative here carries the sense of "over, concerning, before" (in the presence of / about). The four categories span the whole of human society: peoples (λαοῖς, ethnic groups), nations (ἔθνεσιν, political entities), tongues (γλώσσαις, linguistic groups), and kings (βασιλεῦσιν, rulers). The adjective πολλοῖς (A-DPM, "many") modifies the final noun βασιλεῦσιν and may also color the entire series as a postpositive inclusio. This fourfold formula is a recurring Revelation pattern (cf. Rev 5:9; 7:9; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15) with variations in order and vocabulary, always denoting the universal scope of prophetic address or divine action.
See word studies: G1163-dei, G4394-propheteia.
3. Key Grammatical Features¶
Feature 1: ἠνεῳγμένον — Perfect Passive Participle of ἀνοίγω (vv.2, 8)¶
Form: V-RPP-ASN (v.2), V-RPP-ASN (v.8). Perfect passive participle, accusative singular neuter. Lemma: ἀνοίγω (G455).
Significance: The perfect passive marks the little book (βιβλαρίδιον / βιβλίον) as existing in a permanently opened state resulting from a prior act of opening. The tense is not describing the event of opening but the condition that persists afterward. The book was opened (by an unspecified agent, passive voice) and now stands open. The twice-repeated form (v.2 and v.8) reinforces this: the book's openness is not incidental but definitional — it is identified by and described through its opened state.
This contrasts sharply with the sealed βιβλίον of Rev 5:1 (κατεσφραγισμένον, V-RPP-ASN of κατασφραγίζω — also a perfect passive participle, but describing a sealed state). The seal-opening sequence of Rev 6–8 uses aorist active forms (ἤνοιξεν) to describe discrete acts of breaking seals. The βιβλαρίδιον of chapter 10 arrives already in the opened state — no opening act is narrated.
Grammar reference: participle-perfect-passive-state, tense-perfect Word study: G455-anoigo, G974-bibliaridion, G975-biblion
Feature 2: ὤμοσεν ἐν τῷ ζῶντι — Oath Formula (v.6)¶
Form: V-AAI-3S (aorist active indicative) of ὀμνύω (G3660) + ἐν + dative substantival participle. The oath-mediator is expressed as τῷ ζῶντι (V-PAP-DSM of ζάω G2198), a present active participle substantivized by the article.
Significance: The oath construction ὤμοσεν ἐν + dative is the standard NT formula for reporting a sworn oath (cf. Matt 5:34-36 ὀμόσαι ἐν; Heb 6:13 ὤμοσεν). The aorist indicative treats the swearing as a single completed action. The identification of the oath-guarantor via a participial phrase + relative clause (ὃς ἔκτισεν) creates a two-layer identification: (1) the ever-living one, (2) the Creator of all things.
The construction directly parallels Daniel 12:7 LXX and echoes Hebrews 6:13-16 theologically (though with distinct syntax). In Daniel 12:7, the angelic figure raises both hands (Hebrew: יְמִינוֹ וּשְׂמֹאלוֹ); in Rev 10:5, only the right hand (τὴν δεξιάν). Both swear "by the one who lives forever." The grammatical parallel is the strongest OT-NT oath-formula connection in Revelation.
The 26 NT occurrences of ὀμνύω (parser-verified) break into: Matthew 23 (temple-oath casuistry, present/aorist), Hebrews (God's oath to Abraham, aorist), Peter's denial (present inf. of cursing), and Rev 10:6 (the only Revelation occurrence). The aorist forms dominate at 73% — swearing is characteristically treated as a discrete completed act.
Grammar reference: heb-6-13-18, dan-12-7-11-12 Word study: G3660-omnyo
Feature 3: χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται — Future Negation of Time/Delay (v.6)¶
Form: N-NSM (anarthrous nominative) + ADV-N (compound negative adverb) + V-FDI-3S (future mid/dep indicative of εἰμί).
Significance: The clause is grammatically simple but exegetically consequential. Three parsing observations are determinative:
-
Anarthrous χρόνος — The absence of the article gives χρόνος a qualitative or categorical force: "time (as a category)" or "delay (as a phenomenon)," not "the time" (a specific period). This is consistent with the lexical range of χρόνος in contexts of duration and delay (see semantic category 2, "Fulfilled/Completed Time," in the word study).
-
οὐκέτι — The compound adverb ("no longer") inherently references a prior state: there was χρόνος, and it shall be no more. It does not mean "there is no such thing as time" (which would be expressed differently) but rather "the χρόνος that existed will cease to continue."
-
ἔσται (future) — The declaration is prospective. The oath announces what shall be, not what currently is. This future orientation is essential: the content of the oath is a pronouncement about an upcoming state of affairs, sworn with the solemnity of the Creator-God as guarantor.
Word study: G5550-chronos
Feature 4: Δεῖ σε πάλιν προφητεῦσαι — Impersonal Necessity + Aorist Infinitive (v.11)¶
Form: V-PAI-3S (impersonal present active indicative of δεῖ G1163) + P-2AS (accusative subject of infinitive) + ADV (πάλιν) + V-AAN (aorist active infinitive of προφητεύω G4395).
Significance: This is the climactic grammatical construction of the passage — the prophetic recommission. Four grammatical elements converge:
-
Δεῖ — The impersonal verb of divine necessity, present tense (the obligation is currently binding). In Revelation, δεῖ consistently introduces events and actions that are part of God's unfolding plan (Rev 1:1; 4:1; 11:5; 17:10; 20:3; 22:6). The present tense here indicates that the necessity is not a future possibility but a present reality: the commission is already in force.
-
σε — The accusative subject makes this a personal commission, not a general principle. John specifically is the one who must prophesy.
-
πάλιν — "Again." The adverb presupposes prior prophetic activity and mandates its resumption. Grammatically, πάλιν modifies the infinitive (prophesy-again), not the finite verb (it-is-necessary-again). The prior prophesying could refer to John's prophetic ministry before this vision, or to the content of Revelation already received (chapters 1–9).
-
προφητεῦσαι (aorist infinitive) — The aorist aspect treats the new prophetic commission as a complete, bounded act. This is the only aorist infinitive of προφητεύω in the NT. The present infinitive (1 Cor 14:31 προφητεύειν, 1 Cor 14:39 προφητεύειν) describes prophesying as an ongoing activity in the church setting. The aorist here views the commissioned prophesying as a single, comprehensive task — potentially encompassing the entire remaining content of Revelation.
-
ἐπί + dative — The preposition governs the fourfold dative series expressing the scope of the prophetic address. The construction ἐπί + dative with verbs of speaking/prophesying carries the sense of "concerning / over / in reference to" the listed peoples. This universalizing scope formula (peoples, nations, tongues, kings) recurs throughout Revelation as a standard marker of global prophetic address.
Word study: G1163-dei, G4394-propheteia
4. Clause Structure and Discourse Architecture¶
The passage divides into three discourse units with distinct verbal architectures:
Unit A: Vision Report — vv.1-4¶
Dominant verbal pattern: Aorist narrative chain (εἶδον, ἔθηκεν, ἔκραξεν × 2, ἐλάλησαν × 2, ἤκουσα) with interspersed participial descriptions (καταβαίνοντα, περιβεβλημένον, ἔχων, λέγουσαν). The visionary "I saw" (εἶδον) governs the entire unit. Perfect passive participles provide stative description (ἠνεῳγμένον). The imperfect ἤμελλον introduces an interrupted intention (conative). The two imperatives from the heavenly voice (Σφράγισον, aorist; μὴ γράψῃς, prohibitive subjunctive) form a positive-negative command pair.
Unit B: Oath — vv.5-7¶
Dominant verbal pattern: Aorist narrative (ἦρεν, ὤμοσεν) framing participial identification (ἑστῶτα, ζῶντι) and relative-clause expansion (ἔκτισεν). The oath content shifts to future indicative (ἔσται) and proleptic aorist (ἐτελέσθη). The conditional-temporal ὅταν μέλλῃ (present subjunctive) introduces an indefinite future moment. The entire structure moves from narrative past (he lifted, he swore) through identification (the living Creator) to prophetic content (time shall cease, the mystery shall be completed).
Unit C: Commission — vv.8-11¶
Dominant verbal pattern: Imperative chain (Ὕπαγε, λάβε, Λάβε, κατάφαγε) driving the action. Aorist narrative (ἀπῆλθα, ἔλαβον, κατέφαγον, ἔφαγον) reports John's compliance. Historic present (λέγει) foregrounds the angel's speech. Imperfect (ἦν) provides durative background (sweetness). Aorist passive (ἐπικράνθη) punctuates the experiential shift to bitterness. The climactic λέγουσίν (present indicative plural) + δεῖ + aorist infinitive structures the final commission as a presently binding divine necessity.
Tense-Voice-Mood Distribution¶
| Tense/Mood | Count | Function in Passage |
|---|---|---|
| Aorist Active Indicative | 16 | Narrative backbone (saw, cried, heard, took, ate, swore) |
| Present Active Participle | 8 | Descriptive modifiers and speech-introducers |
| Perfect Passive Participle | 4 | Stative conditions (opened book × 2, clothed, standing × 2) |
| Aorist Active Imperative | 4 | Commands (seal, take × 2, devour) |
| Future Indicative | 3 | Predictions (shall be bitter, shall be sweet, time shall cease) |
| Imperfect Indicative | 2 | Background states (was about to write, was sweet) |
| Present Active Indicative | 3 | Gnomic (roars), historic present (he says), impersonal (it is necessary) |
| Aorist Passive Indicative | 2 | Divine passive (was finished, was made bitter) |
| Aorist Active Infinitive | 3 | Complements of δεῖ/μέλλω/λέγων (prophesy, give, write) |
| Present Active Subjunctive | 1 | Temporal-conditional (whenever he is about to) |
| Aorist Active Subjunctive | 1 | Prohibitive (do not write) |
5. Cross-References¶
Grammar Library¶
- participle-perfect-passive-state — canonical entry on the V-RPP form and its stative force
- tense-perfect — canonical entry on the Greek perfect tense across all moods
- participle-legon-discourse — speech-introducing participle λέγων/λέγουσαν (vv.4, 8, 9)
- mood-aorist-imperative — aorist imperative as punctiliar command (vv.4, 8, 9)
- divine-passive — passive forms with implied divine agent (vv.7, 10)
Passage Analyses¶
- dan-12-7-11-12 — the parallel oath formula in Daniel 12:7 (Hebrew parsing)
- heb-6-13-18 — Hebrews' theological treatment of God's oath (Greek parsing)
- rev-13-1-10 — another Revelation passage with perfect passive participle cluster
- rev-11-12-time-markers — time-marker grammar in adjacent Revelation context
Word Studies¶
- G455-anoigo — "to open"; full distribution including perfect passive cluster in Revelation
- G974-bibliaridion — "little book"; double diminutive unique to Rev 10
- G975-biblion — "book/scroll"; the standard form used at v.8
- G5550-chronos — "time/delay"; duration vs. appointed season (kairos)
- G1163-dei — "it is necessary"; impersonal divine necessity
- G3660-omnyo — "to swear"; oath-formula verb
- G4394-propheteia — "prophecy"; the noun cognate of προφητεύω
Gaps Flagged for Future Canonical Entries¶
- Grammar: greek/historic-present-narrative (λέγει v.9), greek/conative-imperfect (ἤμελλον v.4), greek/proleptic-aorist (ἐτελέσθη v.7), greek/epi-dative-scope ("concerning/over" with dative objects, v.11), greek/compound-verb-kata-intensive (κατεσθίω v.9-10)
- Word studies: G4395 προφητεύω, G2597 καταβαίνω, G4972 σφραγίζω, G2719 κατεσθίω, G4087 πικραίνω, G2476 ἵστημι (stative perfect profile)
Parser data from: greek_parser.py --verse "REV 10:1" through "REV 10:11", --lemma queries for ἀνοίγω, ὀμνύω, δεῖ, χρόνος, προφητεύω
KJV text from: kjv.txt grep "^Revelation 10:"
Grammar references verified against existing library entries
Last updated: 2026-05-12