G2598 — καταβάλλω (katabállō)¶

Core Data¶

Strong's: G2598
Original: καταβάλλω
Transliteration: katabállō
Pronunciation: kat-ab-al
Part of Speech: Verb
Root: κατά (kata, "down") + βάλλω (ballō, "throw/cast") — G906
Occurrences: 3 verses (3 tokens)
Books: 3 (2 Corinthians, Hebrews, Revelation)
First Occurrence: 2Co 4:9 — "Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed;"
Hapax Legomenon: No

Lexicon Definition¶

From G2596 and G906; to throw down:—cast down, lay.

Louw-Nida Semantic Domain¶

Domain 020002: Harm, Wound
Domain 085: Existence in Space
Domain 085002: Put, Place
Span: The word bridges violent downcasting (domains 019–020) and deliberate placement/laying (domain 085002), reflecting its compositional sense of "throwing/casting down."

UBS Semantic Domains¶

[019] Physical Impact
[020] Violence, Harm, Destroy, Kill
[085] Existence in Space

UBS places καταβάλλω across impact, harm, and spatial-placement domains, matching the word's rare but varied NT uses.

Translation Distribution (KJV)¶

Translation	Count	%
cast down	1	33.3%
is cast down	1	33.3%
laying	1	33.3%

Distribution by Book¶

Book	Count	Per 100 Verses
2 Corinthians	1	0.4
Hebrews	1	0.3
Revelation	1	0.2

A rare NT verb appearing once in each of three disparate genres: apostolic autobiography (2Co), paraenetic exhortation (Heb), and apocalyptic vision (Rev).

Semantic Categories¶

[Derived from all 3 verse texts.]

1. Physical / Emotional Downcasting (Persecution)¶

2Co 4:9 — "Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed;"

2. Foundational Laying¶

Heb 6:1 — "Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God,"

3. Supernatural Expulsion / Defeat¶

Rev 12:10 — "And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night."

Common Collocations¶

Word	Strong's	Co-occurrences	Typical Pattern
θεμέλιος (themelios)	G2310	1x	"laying... the foundation" — foundational instruction
ἀδελφός (adelphos)	G80	1x	"accuser of our brethren" — heavenly courtroom
βασιλεία (basileia)	G932	1x	"kingdom of our God" — apocalyptic victory
δύναμις (dynamis)	G1411	1x	"salvation, and strength" — triumphant announcement
ἐξουσία (exousia)	G1849	1x	"power of his Christ" — Messianic authority
διώκω (diōkō)	G1377	1x	"persecuted... cast down" — suffering parallelism
ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi)	G622	1x	"cast down, but not destroyed" — antithetic pairing
ἐγκαταλείπω (enkataleipō)	G1459	1x	"not forsaken... not destroyed" — divine preservation

Word Family / Cognates¶

G906 βάλλω (ballō) — root verb: to throw, cast
G2596 κατά (kata) — prefix: down, against, according to

Synonyms¶

No direct curated synonyms returned by search_relationships.py.

Antonyms¶

No direct curated antonyms returned by search_relationships.py.

Easily Confused Words¶

Word	Strong's	Shared Translation	Key Difference
βάλλω (ballō)	G906	"cast"	Simplex verb = general throwing/casting; katabállō = specifically downward or foundational placement
πίπτω (piptō)	G4098	"fall"	Intransitive falling; katabállō is transitive (agent casts/lays something down)
καταπίπτω (katapiptō)	G2667	"fall down"	Intransitive compound of kata + piptō; katabállō is causative/agentive

Domain Neighbors (020002 — Harm, Wound)¶

Strong's	Lemma	Total Verses	Primary KJV Translation(s)
G91	ἀδικέω	8	hurt, wrong
G680	ἅπτω	20	touch, light
G983	βλαβερός	1	hurtful
G984	βλάπτω	3	hurt
G1143	δάκνω	1	bite
G2554	κακοποιέω	4	do evil
G2556	κακός	36	evil, harm
G2559	κακόω	3	evil entreated
G2560	κακῶς	12	sick, diseased
G2561	κάκωσις	1	affliction
G2692	καταστροφή	2	subverting, overthrow

Hebrew Source¶

Hebrew Source	Strong's	Frequency	Notes
נָפַל (naphal)	H5307	primary (22 co-occ)	"to fall, cast down" — dominant LXX bridge
הָרַס (haras)	H2040	4 co-occ	"to pull down, break, destroy"
חוֹמָה (chowmah)	H2346	5 co-occ	"wall" — context of throwing down fortifications
חֶרֶב (chereb)	H2719	8 co-occ	"sword" — battle context
שָׁבַר (shabar)	H7665	3 co-occ	"to burst, break"

The primary Hebrew source is H5307 נָפַל (naphal), which covers both intransitive falling and causative casting down — the same semantic span as G2598.