TR: chinnam → dorea (Freely / Without Cause)

The Chain

Hebrew OT              LXX (Greek OT)           Greek NT
───────────            ───────────────           ────────
חִנָּם (chinnam)    →  δωρεά/δωρεάν (dorea/n) →  δωρεά (dorea) / δωρεάν (dorean)
H2600, 31x in OT       20x as translation        11x noun (G1431) + 9x adverb (G1432)
"gratis, without cause" of chinnam                "gift" / "freely, without cause"

OT Usage (Hebrew)

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
H2600	חִנָּם (chinnam)	31	gratis; devoid of cost, reason, or advantage
H2580	חֵן (chen)	67	grace, favor — root of chinnam

Key OT passages: - Exod 21:2, 11 — Hebrew servant goes out "free" (chinnam) — without payment/ransom - Ps 35:19 — "Let not them... wink with the eye that hate me without a cause (chinnam)" - Ps 69:4 — "They that hate me without a cause (chinnam) are more than the hairs of mine head" - Job 1:9 — "Doth Job fear God for nought (chinnam)?" — Satan questions gratuitous devotion - Isa 52:3 — "Ye have sold yourselves for nought (chinnam); and ye shall be redeemed without money"

KJV translation distribution for chinnam:

Translation	Verses
without cause / without a cause	14
for nought / for nothing	7
causeless	2
free/freely	3
in vain	2
other	3

Library: TODO(need H2600 study)

LXX Bridge

Hebrew	Greek Translation	Count	PMI Score	Notes
chinnam (H2600)	δωρεά (G1431)	20x	9.31	Primary equivalent — dominant bridge
chinnam (H2600)	ἀδίκως (G95)	4x	7.19	"unjustly" — captures "without cause" sense
chinnam (H2600)	μάτην (G3155)	3x	6.93	"in vain" — captures purposelessness sense
chinnam (H2600)	κενός (G2756)	4x	5.63	"empty/vain"

Semantic continuity: The LXX translators preserved the full dual semantic range of chinnam through dorea. Both carry the meanings "without cost/payment" and "without cause/reason." The accusative form dorean (G1432) became the standard NT adverb matching the adverbial function of chinnam.

NT Usage (Greek)

Strong's	Word	Occurrences	Primary Meaning
G1431	δωρεά (dorea)	11	a gift, gratuity
G1432	δωρεάν (dorean)	9 (8 unique verses)	freely, without cost, without cause, in vain
G1433	δωρέομαι (doreomai)	3	to bestow gratuitously
G1434	δώρημα (dorema)	2	a bestowment, gift

Key NT passages: - Rom 3:24 — "Being justified freely (dorean) by his grace" — justification as gift, no merit - John 15:25 — "They hated me without a cause (dorean)" — quoting Ps 35:19/69:4, direct LXX chain - Rev 22:17 — "let him take the water of life freely (dorean)" — eschatological invitation - John 4:10 — "the gift (dorea) of God" — noun form in same theological register

Library: TODO(need G1431 study) | G1432-dorean.md

Direct OT → NT Quotations

NT Verse	Quotes OT	Shared Word	Significance
John 15:25	Ps 35:19 / Ps 69:4	chinnam → dorean	"hated me without a cause" — Jesus applies the Psalmic formula of groundless hostility to himself; the LXX dorean carries directly into the NT quotation

Continuity and Shifts

What stays the same across testaments: - The dual semantic range (without cost + without cause) transfers intact from chinnam to dorean - Both words function as adverbs modifying the manner or basis of an action - The "without cause" sense applies to unjust hostility in both testaments (Psalms → John 15:25) - The "without cost" sense applies to divine generosity in both (Isa 52:3 → Rom 3:24, Rev 21:6/22:17)

What shifts: - In the NT, the "freely/as gift" sense becomes theologically central to Pauline justification doctrine (Rom 3:24), concentrating what was spread across varied OT contexts - The noun form dorea (G1431) develops a distinctive NT theological usage for "the gift of God" (John 4:10, Acts 2:38, Eph 3:7) beyond what chinnam carried as an adverb - The cognate family (dorea, dorean, doreomai, dorema) expands in the NT into a full gift-vocabulary cluster, while chinnam stood alone in the OT

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Generated from: gather_trace_data.py, search_strongs.py (--lxx-map, --hebrew-source, --lookup, --lexicon) Last updated: 2026-05-05