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Grammar Reference Data

Library Entries Read

Passage Analyses

  1. lev-16-14-16.md — DOA blood application sequence. Two-phase sprinkling (on kapporeth + before kapporeth). Hiphil of nazah. Three-term sin taxonomy (tumot + pesha + chattat). kaphar Piel with locative object (the sanctuary itself needs atonement).
  2. lev-16-20-22.md — Live goat ritual after completed atonement. kalah (Piel perf 3ms) marks structural boundary. Ritual verb sequence (8 waw+perfect verbs). Coordinated sin terms in confession.
  3. lev-16-30.md — Kaphar→taher three-verb formula (UNIQUE to this verse). Piel kaphar → Piel taher InfCon (purpose) → Qal taher Impf 2mp (result). Stem shift Piel→Qal encodes external conferral → internal realization. Formula A (kaphar→salach, daily) vs. Formula B (kaphar→taher, DOA) never overlap.
  4. lev-16-21-sin-terms.md — Three coordinated sin terms in scapegoat confession.
  5. lev-10-16-20.md — Two-path sin-offering system. nasa+kaphar dual purpose. If blood goes INSIDE → carcass burned. If blood stays OUTSIDE → priests eat (bearing sin).
  6. lev-4-5-7.md — Daily service blood path. Weqatal chain in 3rd-person prescription. Hiphil of nazah (causative sprinkling). Blood applied in first compartment (before the veil), not second.
  7. dan-8-14.md — nitsdaq = Niphal Perfect 3ms of tsadaq. ONLY Niphal of tsadaq in OT. Divine passive. Sanctuary receives vindication, not just cleansing.
  8. dan-8-13-14-dialogue.md — Question/answer framing of Dan 8:13-14.
  9. dan-9-24-27.md — Six infinitival purposes with ל+InfCon. Niphal of chatakh ("determined/cut off"). Sin triad parallels Lev 16:21. kaphar→tsedeq = unique vocabulary bridge.
  10. gen-2-1-2.md — kalah completion language. Pual wayyiqtol (v.1: "were finished") → Piel wayyiqtol (v.2: "God ended"). LXX uses synteleo for kalah here. The kalah→synteleo→teleo chain connects creation completion to John 19:30 tetelestai.

Concept Entries

  1. stem-niphal.md — Niphal stem (passive/reflexive). Relevant to nitsdaq (Dan 8:14) and nishlach formulas.
  2. stem-piel.md — Piel stem (intensive/factitive). Relevant to kaphar (92/102 occurrences are Piel).
  3. divine-passive.md — Greek divine passive. Relevant to Heb 10:14 passive soteriology.
  4. participle-perfect-passive-state.md — Perfect passive participle = state resulting from completed past action.
  5. aorist-passive-indicative.md — Relevant to "once for all" passages.

Key Grammar Findings for This Study

1. The kalah→teleo LXX Bridge

  • Gen 2:1: kalah Pual wayyiqtol (וַיְכֻלּוּ) → LXX synteleo
  • Gen 2:2: kalah Piel wayyiqtol (וַיְכַל) → LXX synteleo
  • Lev 16:20: kalah Piel perf (וְכִלָּה) — "when he has finished atonement"
  • Dan 9:24: kalah Piel InfCon (לְכַלֵּא) — "to finish the transgression"
  • John 19:30: teleo Perfect Passive Indicative (Τετέλεσται) — "it is finished"
  • The chain: H3615 kalah → G4931 synteleo (85x LXX) and G5055 teleo (5x LXX)

2. The kaphar→taher→tsedeq Progression

  • Lev 16:30: kaphar (Piel) → taher (Piel InfCon → Qal Impf) = atonement → cleansing
  • Dan 9:24: kaphar (Piel InfCon) + tsedeq olamim = atonement → everlasting righteousness
  • Dan 8:14: nitsdaq (Niphal of tsadaq) = vindication declared
  • Progression: atonement (ground) → cleansing (application) → vindication (declaration)

3. Isa 53:12 Tense Shift

  • Three Perfects: הֶעֱרָה (poured out), נִמְנָה (was numbered), נָשָׂא (bore) = COMPLETED actions
  • One Imperfect: יַפְגִּיעַ (makes intercession) = ONGOING action
  • Grammar encodes two-phase structure: bearing done, intercession continues

4. Heb 10:14 Two-Tense Compression

  • τετελείωκεν (Perfect Active Indicative of teleioo) = "has perfected" — completed, results hold
  • ἁγιαζομένους (Present Passive Participle of hagiazo) = "those being sanctified" — ongoing process
  • One sentence, two tenses = sacrifice complete, sanctification progressive