Word Studies¶

From Word Studies Library¶

tamid — H8548¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8548-tamid.md

Word: תָּמִיד (tamid) — masculine noun used attributively/adverbially
Occurrences: 104 in OT
Core meaning: Continuance as indefinite extension; regularity, unbroken recurrence
KJV translations: continually (53), the continual (17), continual (9), the daily (7), always (6), perpetual (2)
Top collocations: olah (burnt offering, 26x), panim (before the LORD, 26x), minchah (grain offering, 16x), yom (day, 16x), nesek (drink offering, 15x), chattaah (sin offering, 12x)
Semantic categories: (1) Continual burnt offering — the twice-daily lamb sacrifice; (2) Other continual sanctuary elements — showbread, lamp, incense; (3) Substantive "the daily" — Daniel's apocalyptic usage (Dan 8:11,13; 11:31; 12:11); (4) Continual devotion and praise (Psalms); (5) Priestly duty (Exo 28:29,38)
Key distinction: tamid = regular, uninterrupted recurrence (not eternity). olam = indefinite duration. The tamid sacrifice is not eternal but ongoing without interruption.
LXX: dia pantos ("through all time") — a prepositional phrase, not a single word. In Numbers, the technical term endelechismos is used.
Word group: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-continual-worship.md

kaphar — H3722¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3722-kaphar.md

Word: כָּפַר (kaphar) — primitive root verb
Occurrences: 102 in OT (67 in Leviticus alone = 66%)
Stem distribution: Piel 92 (90%), Pual 7, Qal 1 (Gen 6:14 — physical covering with pitch), Nithpael 1, Hithpael 1
Core meaning (Piel): Make atonement, expiate, purge — the factitive function "bring about the state of being covered/atoned"
KJV translations: make atonement (~73, 72%), purge/be purged (8), reconcile (7), forgive (5), appease/pacify (3)
Key collocations: chattaah (sin offering, 38x), kohen (priest, 27x), mizbeach (altar, 17x), dam (blood, 12x), salach (forgive, 12x), taher (cleanse, 12x)
Dual result verbs: kaphar+salach (12x — daily) vs. kaphar+taher (12x — both daily purification and annual). The kaphar verb is common to BOTH formulas; only the result verb changes.
LXX: hilaskomai (propitiate, PMI 6.47), aphiemi (forgive, 14x), katharizo (cleanse, 14x)
Word group: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-atonement.md

salach — H5545¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5545-calach.md

Word: סָלַח (salach) — primitive root verb
Occurrences: 45 unique verses (49 tokens)
Stem distribution: Qal 33 (forgive — God as subject), Niphal 13 (be forgiven — passive in sacrificial formula)
Core meaning: Forgive, pardon — EXCLUSIVELY divine action. No human EVER performs salach.
Critical fact: All 13 Niphal occurrences are in sacrificial formulae: Lev 4:20,26,31,35; 5:10,13,16,18; 6:7; 19:22; Num 15:25,26,28
NEVER appears in Lev 16. This confirms the absolute vocabulary distinction.
Pattern: kaphar (Piel.Perf) + venislach (Niphal.Perf, divine passive) — "the priest atoned... and it was forgiven." The passive voice hides the divine agent.
LXX: hileos (gracious/merciful, PMI 25.04), aphiemi (forgive, PMI 17.86)

taher — H2891¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2891-taher.md

Word: טָהֵר (taher) — primitive root verb, "to be bright/pure"
Occurrences: 94 (53 in Leviticus = 56%)
Stem distribution: Piel 37 (declare/actively cleanse), Qal 34 (be clean — stative), Hithpael 18 (cleanse oneself), Pual 1
Core meaning (Piel): Factitive — cause the state of cleanness; or declarative — pronounce clean
Core meaning (Qal): Stative/intransitive — be in the state of clean
Key collocations: kohen (priest, 25x), kabas (wash, 13x), kaphar (atone, 12x), mayim (water, 10x)
NEVER appears in Lev 4-5 sin-offering contexts. taher in Leviticus appears in chs. 11-15 (purity laws), ch. 16 (DOA), ch. 22 (priestly purity). Absent from the daily sin-offering regulations.
Lev 16:30 three-verb chain: yekapper (Piel of kaphar) → letaher (Piel InfCon of taher) → titharu (Qal Impf 2mp of taher). Stem shift: Piel (transitive, God causes cleanness) → Qal (stative, people become clean).
LXX: katharizo (cleanse, 61x), katharos (clean, 23x)
Word group: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-cleansing.md

nasa — H5375¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5375-nasa.md

Word: נָשָׂא (nasa) — primitive root verb
Occurrences: 607 unique verses (759 tokens) — extremely broad semantic range
Stem distribution: Qal 596 (lift, carry, bear, take), Niphal 34, Piel 12, Hithpael 9
Core meaning: Lift, in a great variety of applications
Forgiveness sense: nasa + avon/pesha/chattat = "lift off" guilt = forgive (Exo 34:7, Psa 32:5, Mic 7:18)
Sin-bearing sense: nasa + avon = "bear iniquity" = suffer consequence (Lev 5:1,17; Num 14:34)
Three registers for this study:
Divine (Exo 34:7): God bears/forgives (nose avon vafesha vechataat)
Priestly (Lev 10:17, Exo 28:38): Priest bears iniquity INWARD via eating/wearing
Removal (Lev 16:22): Scapegoat bears iniquities OUTWARD to erets gezerah
LXX: airo (G142, PMI 24.47) — primary bridge. John 1:29 uses airo for the Lamb "taking away" sin.
Translation relationship: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-nasa-airo.md
Word group: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-carry-remove.md

chattaah — H2403¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2403-chattaah.md

Word: חַטָּאָה (chattaah) — feminine noun
Dual meaning: Both "sin" (the offense) and "sin offering" (the remedy). Context determines which sense.
Singular-to-plural shift: Lev 4 uses chattato ("his sin," singular possessive — individual scope). Lev 16:16,21 use chatotam ("their sins," plural possessive — corporate scope). This grammatical shift confirms the daily = individual, annual = corporate pattern.

tumah — H2932¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2932-tumah.md

Feminine noun: uncleanness, impurity
First category in Lev 16:16 formula: mittumot bney yisrael ("from the uncleannesses of the children of Israel")
Encompasses ambient defilement (Lev 15:31, Num 19:13,20) — the category that enters WITHOUT blood or sacrifice

pesha — H6588¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6588-pesha.md

Masculine noun: transgression, rebellion — willful covenant violation
Second category in Lev 16:16 formula: umipisheihem ("and from their transgressions")

avon — H5771¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5771-avon.md

Masculine noun: iniquity, guilt, punishment for iniquity
First term in Lev 16:21 confession: kol-avonot bney yisrael ("all the iniquities of the children of Israel")
Also the object of nasa in Lev 10:17 (laset et-avon haedah — "to bear the iniquity of the congregation")

kalah — H3615¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3615-kalah.md

Verb: finish, complete, be at an end
Lev 16:20: vekhillah mikapper ("and when he has FINISHED atoning") — Piel.Perf.3ms. Marks the structural boundary between blood atonement (vv.14-19) and scapegoat ritual (vv.20-22). The Piel of kalah is a completion/conclusion verb — blood atonement is DONE before the scapegoat phase begins.

azazel — H5799¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5799-azazel.md

Masculine noun: scapegoat (KJV), appearing only in Lev 16:8,10(2x),26 — 4 occurrences total
Destination of the sins removed from the sanctuary

yadah — H3034¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3034-yadah.md

Verb: confess, give thanks
Lev 16:21: vehitvaddah (Hithpael.Perf.3ms) — "and he shall confess." The Hithpael of yadah is the confession form. Aaron confesses OVER (alav) the live goat.

camak — H5564¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5564-camak.md

Verb: lay hand on, support, lean upon
Lev 16:21: vesamak... et-shtey yadav al rosh hassair hachay — "and he shall lay BOTH his hands upon the head of the live goat." The dual-hand laying (shtey yadav = two hands) is unique to the scapegoat. Regular sin offerings use ONE hand (Lev 4:4,24,29,33).

Blood Application Verbs¶

nazah — H5137 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5137-nazah.md): Hiphil = ritual sprinkling (20 of 24 occurrences). Used in both daily (Lev 4:6) and annual (Lev 16:14,15,19) blood application.

nathan — H5414 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5414-nathan.md): Broadest transfer verb, here = physical placement of blood on altar horns (Lev 4:7, 16:18).

shaphak — H8210 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8210-shaphak.md): Pour out — bulk disposal of remaining blood at altar base (Lev 4:7,18,25,30,34).

Sanctuary/Priestly Vocabulary¶

miqdash — H4720 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H4720-miqdash.md): Sanctuary — the sacred space that receives defilement and requires annual cleansing.

kohen — H3548 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3548-kohen.md): Priest — mediator who performs both daily atonement and annual cleansing.

qatar — H6999 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6999-qatar.md): Burn incense — twice daily (tamid component, Exo 30:7-8).

qtoreth — H7004 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7004-qtoreth.md): Incense — the substance burned on the golden altar daily and used in the DOA incense cloud (Lev 16:12-13).

olah — H5930 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5930-olah.md): Burnt offering — the tamid sacrifice itself: olat tamid.

akal — H398 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H398-akal.md): Eat — priestly eating as the second sin-bearing mechanism (Lev 6:26, 10:17).

saiyr — H8163 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8163-saiyr.md): Goat, he-goat — used for both the LORD's goat and the scapegoat in Lev 16.

Offering Vocabulary¶

minchah — H4503 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H4503-minchah.md): Grain/meat offering — accompanies the tamid burnt offering (Num 28:5).

shachat — H7819 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7819-shachat.md): Slaughter — sacrificial killing.

asham — H817 (D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H817-asham.md): Trespass/guilt offering.

Fresh Lookups (no library entry)¶

tohorah — H2893¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2893-tohorah.md (generated in Phase 3.5)

Word: טׇהֳרָה (tohorah) — feminine noun, form of taher
Occurrences: 13 unique verses, 15 KJV instances (69% in Leviticus)
Meaning: Ceremonial purification PROCESS and PERIOD — always structured, always temporal, always gateway from uncleanness to restored access
Key pattern: Always ceremonial (never spontaneous), always temporal (has beginning, duration, culmination), always relational (belongs to someone/something)
Antonym: tumah (H2932) — direct opposite
LXX: katharismos (G2512, PMI 9.34) — traces to Luke 2:22, Mark 1:44, Heb 1:3

piggul — H6292¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6292-piggul.md (generated in Phase 3.5)

Word: פִּגּוּל (piggul) — masculine noun, "fetid/stinking"
Occurrences: 4 verses (Lev 7:18; 19:7; Isa 65:4; Ezek 4:14)
Meaning: Time-expired sacrificial flesh — a sacrifice that was once acceptable but became rejected because the eating window closed
Significance for this study: Reinforces that sacrificial eating has strict time boundaries. The piggul law shows that God's acceptance of a sacrifice has a temporal dimension — relevant to understanding why the tamid must be continual and why the DOA addresses accumulated defilement annually.

machah — H4229 (for external corpus verification)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H4229-machah.md

Word: מָחָה (machah) — primitive root verb, "to stroke/rub/erase"
Occurrences: 32 unique verses, 50 tokens
Meaning: Blot out, destroy, wipe away
CRITICAL VERIFICATION: machah (H4229) does NOT appear anywhere in Leviticus 16. The "blotting out" vocabulary comes from:
Psa 51:1,9 — "blot out my transgressions... blot out all mine iniquities"
Isa 43:25 — "I, even I, am he that blotteth out thy transgressions"
Isa 44:22 — "I have blotted out, as a thick cloud, thy transgressions"
Acts 3:19 — "that your sins may be blotted out" (Greek exaleipho, G1813)
Conclusion: Froom's claim that sins were "blotted out" through DOA ministry (PFF4 1231.6) imports vocabulary from prophetic passages (Isaiah, Psalms) and Acts. Leviticus 16 uses kaphar+taher, not machah. The "blotting out" concept may be theologically related but is not textually present in the DOA legislation.

Grammar References Read¶

D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-10-16-20.md — Moses-Aaron confrontation: dual infinitive laset + lekapper; blood-destination rule (Hophal huba); eating-as-bearing principle
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-4-5-7.md — Blood application sequence: four-verb triad tabal → nazah → nathan → shaphak; spatial grammar showing inward-then-outward blood path
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-16-14-16.md — DOA blood application: two-phase nazah (on + before kapporeth); three-category formula with min-prepositions; participle hashoken as circumstantial clause
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-16-30.md — kaphar-taher formula: unique three-verb sequence; stem shift Piel→Qal; Formula A (kaphar+salach) vs Formula B (kaphar+taher) comparison
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-16-20-22.md — Scapegoat ritual: kalah structural boundary; Hithpael confession; nasa removal; erets gezerah
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-16-21-sin-terms.md — Three coordinated sin terms with repeated kol; two object-marker (et) phrases + one lamed phrase
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/num-28-1-10.md — Tamid ordinance grammar; shekar libation clause; no consumption verbs in passage
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/heb-9-11-22.md — Paired dia constructions; ephapax; a fortiori argument; gnomic present maxim (v.22)
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/stem-piel.md — Piel factitive function (causing a state); relevant for tame Piel, taher Piel, kaphar Piel
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/stem-niphal.md — Niphal passive; relevant for nislach (divine passive of forgiveness)
D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/corporate-solidarity.md — Collective-singular vs collective-plural construal; relevant for the singular-to-plural shift in Lev 4 vs Lev 16

External Corpus Verification Results¶

Claim #1 and #5: EGW/Bohr identify only TWO transfer mechanisms (blood and flesh)¶

Biblical verification: Lev 15:31 uses the Piel of tame (betamam) — active defilement of the mishkan by ambient uncleanness. Num 19:13,20 both state that the unclean person "defileth the tabernacle/sanctuary of the LORD" without any blood transfer or priestly mediation. Lev 16:16 begins with mittumot — from the IMPURITIES — as the first category the DOA addresses. If tumot enters through ambient defilement (no blood channel), then there are THREE mechanisms, not two. EGW's and Bohr's identification of two mechanisms is incomplete.

Claim #2: EGW — scapegoat represents Satan with "already atoned-for sins"¶

Biblical verification: Lev 16:20 uses vekhillah (Piel.Perf.3ms of kalah) — "when he has FINISHED atoning for the holy place, the tent of meeting, and the altar." The kalah verb is a structural boundary marker: blood atonement is COMPLETE before the scapegoat ritual begins (v.20b: "he shall bring the live goat"). The sins placed on the scapegoat (v.21) have already been covered by the LORD's goat blood (vv.15-19). The textual data confirms structural separation; typological identification (Satan) is a later-study question.

Claim #3: Froom — sins were "blotted out" through DOA ministry¶

Biblical verification: machah (H4229, "blot out") does NOT appear in Lev 16. The word does not occur anywhere in Leviticus. "Blotting out" vocabulary appears in Psa 51:1,9; Isa 43:25; 44:22; Acts 3:19. Lev 16 uses kaphar+taher. Froom imports the concept from prophetic/apostolic passages; the DOA legislation itself uses different vocabulary.

Claim #4: Bohr — only blood-transferred sins were cleansed¶

Biblical verification: Lev 16:16 opens with mittumot bney yisrael — "from the impurities of the children of Israel." tumot is the FIRST category addressed, and per the Lev 15:31 / Num 19:13,20 evidence, tumot includes ambient defilement that enters without blood. The text's own ordering contradicts the claim that only blood-transferred sins were cleansed.

Claim #6: Haskell — sins were "hid from view" in the sanctuary¶

Biblical verification: The kaphar root (H3722) has one Qal occurrence (Gen 6:14) meaning "cover with pitch/bitumen." The etymological connection to "covering" may support a metaphor of concealment. However, the Piel (dominant use, 92/102) means "atone/expiate" rather than "hide." The sin-offering blood was sprinkled before the veil (Lev 4:6) and applied to altar horns (Lev 4:7) — deposited in visible locations within the sanctuary, not hidden. Haskell's "hid from view" language is suggestive but not directly supported by the Levitical text.