Definition: From H2502 (chalats, "to strip off"); a mantle (as easily drawn off): changeable suit of apparel, change of raiment.
Occurrences:
Isaiah 3:22 — "The changeable suits of apparel" (among luxury items of Jerusalem's women)
Zechariah 3:4 — "with change of raiment" (festival garments given to Joshua)
Translation distribution:
1x "The changeable suits of apparel" (Isa 3:22)
1x "with change of raiment" (Zec 3:4)
Etymology: Derived from chalats (H2502, "to strip, equip, arm"). The root idea is something easily stripped off/put on — hence a change of clothing, festival garments.
Significance: Only 2 occurrences in OT. In Zech 3:4, the machalatsoth (plural) are the NEW garments that replace the filthy ones. This is not ordinary clothing (beged H899) but special festival/change garments — garments for a new occasion.
Definition: A primitive root; to cross over; used very widely of any transition.
Key translations: pass (19x), passed over (20x), go over (10x), went over (8x), transgress (4x)
Zech 3:4 usage: הֶעֱבַרְתִּי (Hiphil.Perf.1cs) — "I have caused to pass [from thee]" — with iniquity (avon) as the object. The Hiphil = causative: God CAUSES the iniquity to pass away from Joshua.
Parallel usage: Zec 13:2 also uses H5674 for removing: "I will cause... to pass out of the land."
Theological note: In Zech 3:4, abar is used for iniquity-removal rather than taher (cleansing) or kaphar (covering). The metaphor is of sin PASSING AWAY / BEING TRANSFERRED — consistent with the DOA scapegoat imagery (Lev 16:21-22 where sins are transferred to the goat and sent away).
Definition: A primitive root; to rule; by implication to judge (as umpire); also to strive (as at law): contend, execute judgment, judge, minister judgment, plead the cause, strive.
Gen 15:14 — "that nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge"
Gen 49:16 — "Dan shall judge his people"
Deu 32:36 — "For the LORD shall judge his people"
Psa 50:4 — "He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that he may judge his people"
Psa 110:6 — "He shall judge among the heathen"
Zec 3:7 — "then thou shalt also judge my house" (uses diyn in the Zechariah 3 context!)
Significance: H1777 appears in Zech 3:7 — the conditional promise to Joshua after the garment change. After vindication (garment change = tsadaq dimension), Joshua receives authority to JUDGE (diyn). This connects vindication to judicial authority.
Definition: A primitive root; to be right (i.e. correct); reciprocal, to argue; causatively, to decide, justify or convict: appoint, argue, chasten, convince, correct, daysman, dispute, judge, maintain, plead, reason together, rebuke, reprove.
Key translations: reprove (4x), rebuke (2x+), reason together (1x)
Key verses:
Isa 1:18 — "Come now, and let us reason together" (yakach)
Isa 11:3-4 — "He shall not judge... and reprove (yakach) with equity for the meek"
Job 9:33 — "Neither is there any daysman (yakach) betwixt us"
Job 23:7 — "There the righteous might dispute (yakach) with him"
Mic 6:2 — "the LORD hath a controversy... he will plead (yakach)"
Significance: Courtroom/forensic argumentation verb. The "daysman" (mediator) usage in Job 9:33 is notable — one who argues/decides between parties. The verb covers the full spectrum of forensic proceedings: argue, decide, reprove, justify.