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Grammar Reference Data

Library Entries Read

1. Niphal Stem (hebrew/stem-niphal.md)

  • Primary functions: simple passive, reflexive, tolerative/middle
  • Form recognition: Perfect נִ prefix (niqtal), Imperfect dagesh in first root letter
  • Tense distribution (500 sampled): Imperfect 35%, Perfect 29%, Participle 13%, Wayyiqtol 13%
  • Dan 8:14 is classified under Simple Passive — subject receives the action of vindication

2. Daniel 8:14 Grammar Analysis (passages/dan-8-14.md)

  • Full word-by-word parsing of the verse
  • Clause structure: Way0 (narrative intro) → Ellp (time phrase) → WQtX (main prediction)
  • נִצְדַּק = Niphal.Perf.3ms of צדק — ONLY Niphal occurrence
  • קֹדֶשׁ = subject without article but definite from context
  • Key grammatical feature: Prophetic perfect (waw + perfect = future certainty)
  • KJV "cleansed" is NOT from the Hebrew root but from Vulgate/Theodotion influence

3. Divine Passive (greek/divine-passive.md)

  • Definition: passive verb whose unexpressed agent is God
  • Four subtypes: Reverential (Matt 5:4), Soteriological (Rom 4:25), Permissive-apocalyptic (Rev 13:5), Consecrating-apocalyptic (Rev 19:8)
  • Directly relevant to dikaioo: ~30 of 39 forms are passive → the sinner is acted upon by God
  • Rev 19:8 edothe = divine passive — the Bride's garment of righteous acts is "granted" by God
  • Scholarly support: Wallace (Basics 191-192, ExSyn 437-438), BDF §130(1), Jeremias NT Theology I.9-14