Word Studies¶

From Word Studies Library¶

kaphar (H3722) — cover / make atonement¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3722-kaphar.md

Occurrences: 102 OT (67 in Leviticus alone — 66% of all uses)
Stems: Piel 92x (dominant), Pual 7x, Qal 1x
Piel function: Factitive — "make atonement, expiate, purge" (see grammar-reference stem-piel.md)
KJV: "make atonement" ~73x (72%), "purge" 8x, "reconcile" 7x, "forgive/pardon" 5x
Key collocations: chattaah (38x), kohen (27x), mizbeach (17x), olah (17x), dam (12x), salach (12x), taher (12x)
In Lev 16: kaphar appears 16 times — vv.6,10,11,16,17(x2),18,20,24,27,30,32,33(x3),34
LXX: hilaskomai G2433 (highest PMI 6.47), aphiemi G863 (14x), katharizo G2511 (14x)
Critical distinction: kaphar+salach = daily service pattern (13x); kaphar+taher = annual DOA pattern. Salach NEVER appears in Lev 16 (verified).

taher (H2891) — be clean / purify¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2891-taher.md

Occurrences: 94 OT (53 in Leviticus — 46%)
Stems: Piel 37x (declare/pronounce clean, actively cleanse), Qal 34x (be clean — stative), Hithpael 18x (cleanse oneself)
In Lev 16:19: Piel — actively cleanses the altar ("and cleanse it" — wetiharo)
In Lev 16:30: Three-verb chain: yekhapper (Piel kaphar) → letaher (Piel taher infinitive construct = "to cleanse you") → titharu (Qal taher = "you shall be clean")
Piel vs Qal distinction (from stem-piel.md): Piel taher = "declare/pronounce clean" (declarative-estimative) or "actively cleanse" (factitive). Qal taher = "be clean" (resultant state). In v.30 the shift from Piel to Qal shows the process: God atones → God cleanses → you are clean.
LXX: katharizo G2511 (61x primary), katharos G2513 (23x)

tumah (H2932) — uncleanness¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2932-tumah.md

Occurrences: 31 unique verses (14 in Leviticus — 45%)
In Lev 16:16: mittumot — "because of the uncleannesses" (from-uncleannesses, plural construct). First term in the three-term formula.
In Lev 16:19: mittumot bene yisrael — "from the uncleanness of the children of Israel"
Semantic range: bodily discharge impurity (Lev 15), contact/contagion (Lev 5:3; 7:20-21), sanctuary pollution (Lev 16:16,19), national/moral (Ezk 36:17,25)
LXX: akatharsia G167 (26x, PMI 28.97 — primary bridge)
Key collocation: karath (H3772) 5x — "cut off" penalty formula for uncleanness

pesha (H6588) — transgression / rebellion¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6588-pesha.md

Occurrences: 90 unique verses (95 tokens)
Root meaning: From pasha H6586 — to break away from authority, rebel. Pesha = the act of willful defection.
In Lev 16:16: umipish'eihem — "and because of their transgressions" (second term in three-term formula)
In Lev 16:21: kol-pish'eihem — "all their transgressions" (second term again)
Key distinction: pesha is willful rebellion, not inadvertent sin. The daily sin offering (Lev 4) covers only inadvertent sins (shegagah). Pesha has no daily provision. The DOA covers what the daily cannot.
LXX: distributed across asebeia G763, anomia G458, hamartia G266 — no single Greek equivalent captures "revolt against authority"
Classic triad: avon + pesha + chattaah (Exo 34:7; Psa 32:1-2; 51:1-3; Lev 16:21)

chattaah (H2403) — sin / sin offering¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2403-chattaah.md

Occurrences: 270 unique verses (66 in Leviticus — 24%)
Dual semantic weight: Both the act of sinning AND the sacrificial remedy. Context distinguishes.
In Lev 16:5: "two kids of the goats for a sin offering (chattat)" — singular! Both goats together = one chattat.
In Lev 16:16: lekhol-chatto'tam — "in all their sins" (third term in three-term formula, plural)
KJV: "sin offering" ~43%, "sin/sins" ~42%
LXX: hamartia G266 (242x, PMI 31.95 — overwhelming primary equivalent)

avon (H5771) — iniquity / guilt¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5771-avon.md

Occurrences: 213 unique verses
Three BDB senses: (1) the wrongful act (moral perversity), (2) guilt of iniquity (culpable state), (3) punishment/consequence
In Lev 16:21: kol-avonot — "all the iniquities" (first term in v.21 formula — replaces tumot from v.16)
In Lev 16:22: avonot — scapegoat "bears all their iniquities"
Shift v.16 → v.21: tumot (ritual uncleanness, sanctuary perspective) becomes avonot (moral guilt, people perspective). The formula shifts from what defiles the sanctuary to what burdens the people.
LXX: adikia G93 (78x), anomia G458 (70x), hamartia G266 (93x)

nasa (H5375) — bear / carry / lift¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5375-nasa.md

Occurrences: 607 unique verses (759 tokens — massive semantic range)
In Lev 16:22: "the goat shall bear (nasa) upon him all their iniquities" — Qal perfect 3ms
In Lev 10:17: "God hath given it you to bear (nasa) the iniquity of the congregation" — priest bears sin IN via eating
Dual direction: Priest bears sin INTO the sanctuary (daily), scapegoat bears sin OUT of the sanctuary (annual). Same verb, opposite directions.
In Exo 34:7: nose avon vapesha vechattat — "forgiving (bearing/lifting) iniquity and transgression and sin" — God as subject = forgiveness
LXX: airo G142 (164x primary)

kalah (H3615) — complete / finish¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3615-kalah.md

Occurrences: 199 unique verses
Stems: Piel 141x (transitive — bring to an end), Qal 64x (intransitive — come to an end)
In Lev 16:20: vekhillah mikapper — "and when he hath made an end (kalah Piel) of reconciling (kaphar Piel infinitive construct)" — Piel kalah marks structural boundary
Structural function: The scapegoat ceremony (vv.20-22) begins AFTER kalah — after blood atonement is complete. This verb separates the two phases of the DOA.

nazah (H5137) — sprinkle¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5137-nazah.md

Occurrences: 22 unique verses (13 in Leviticus)
Stems: Hiphil 20x (standard priestly sprinkling), Qal 4x (natural spattering)
In Lev 16:14: Hiphil — hizzah (once on kapporeth surface) then yazzeh (seven times before it). Same verb, two applications.
In Lev 16:15: Same pattern with LORD's goat blood.
In Lev 16:19: Seven times on the altar — cleansing moves outward.
Key distinction from zaraq (H2236): nazah = fine finger-sprinkling; zaraq = forceful dashing/throwing at altar base. DOA uses nazah exclusively.
Pattern: 1x on + 7x before (MHP) → 7x on (altar) — consistent "seven times" motif
Collocations: dam (12x, 55%), sheba paam (10x, 45%), etsba (7x, 32%)

karath (H3772) — cut off / make covenant¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3772-karath.md

Occurrences: 280 unique verses
In Lev 23:29: Niphal — venikhretah — "shall be cut off" (passive: divine agency). The soul that is NOT afflicted shall be cut off from her people.
Niphal stem (from stem-niphal.md): Passive — the agent performing the cutting off is God, not human courts.
Karat penalty scope: Covenant violation formula. Appears ~30x in Leviticus-Numbers.

azazel (H5799) — scapegoat¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5799-azazel.md

Occurrences: 4 tokens in 3 verses — all in Lev 16 (16:8 x2, 16:10, 16:26)
Etymology: From ez (goat, H5795) + azal (go away/disappear, H235) = "goat of departure"
Syntactic parallel: la-YHWH / la-azazel (Lev 16:8) — identical grammatical structure (preposition lamed + proper noun/name)
BHSA classification: Grouped with proper-name domain [003001012] Names of Supernatural Beings
LXX: apopompaios ("one sent away") — descriptive, not a name
Structural markers of scapegoat: (1) alive — not killed, (2) after kalah — comes after blood atonement is complete, (3) sent to desolation, (4) by ish itti — "fit man" (hapax), (5) handler becomes ritually unclean (v.26)

samak (H5564) — lay hands on¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5564-camak.md

Occurrences: 47 unique verses (14 in Leviticus — 30%)
In Lev 16:21: Qal — vesamakh Aharon et-shtei yadav — "Aaron shall lay BOTH his hands." Distinctive: all other sacrificial hand-layings use one hand. Only the scapegoat receives both hands.
Function: Identification and transfer. In regular sacrifices (Lev 1:4; 4:29): one hand on head of animal before slaughter. On scapegoat: two hands + verbal confession = transfer of sins.

yadah (H3034) — confess / praise¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3034-yadah.md

Occurrences: 111 unique verses
In Lev 16:21: Hithpael — vehitvaddah — "and confess" (reflexive of Piel). The ONLY reflexive verb in Lev 16.
Hithpael confession function (from stem-hithpael.md): The Hithpael of yadah = to confess sins (not praise). Reflexive: the subject confesses for/over itself. The same stem appears in Lev 5:5; 26:40; Num 5:7; Dan 9:4; Neh 1:6; 9:2.
Hiphil vs Hithpael: Hiphil = praise/give thanks (dominant, ~113x). Hithpael = confess sins (~10x). Completely different semantic functions by stem.

shalach (H7971) — send / send away¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7971-shalach.md

Occurrences: 790 unique verses
In Lev 16:21: Piel — veshillach — "and shall send away." Piel = intensive/frequentative "send away, let go, release, dismiss."
In Lev 16:22: "he shall let go (shalach Piel) the goat in the wilderness"
Piel note from stem-piel.md: shalach Piel = "send forth/away" vs. Qal "stretch out." The same Piel form is used for Pharaoh "letting go" Israel in Exodus.

bad (H906) — linen¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H906-bad.md

Occurrences: 19 unique verses (4 in Leviticus, 6 in Ezekiel, 3 in Daniel)
In Lev 16:4: Four items all made of bad: kutonet bad (linen tunic), mikhnesei bad (linen breeches), avnet bad (linen girdle), mitsnefet bad (linen mitre). The word bad appears 4x in this one verse.
Designation: bigdei-qodesh hem — "garments of holiness they [are]" (nominal clause, v.4 end)
Judgment figures in bad: Ezk 9:2 (man with inkhorn — marking for judgment), Dan 10:5 (heavenly man — eschatological revelation), Dan 12:6-7 (the same figure over the waters)
Rev 15:6 parallel: Angels "clothed in pure and white linen" — Greek linon, judgment context

Word Groups Read¶

WG-atonement.md: kaphar cluster (H3722, H3724, H3725, H3727, H2403, H5137, etc.) WG-cleansing.md: taher/tame purity spectrum WG-sin.md: chattaah, pesha, avon triad WG-holiness.md: qodesh/qadash cluster WG-linen.md: bad, shesh, butz linen vocabulary WG-confess.md: yadah confession/praise group WG-sacrifice.md: zabach, shachat, olah, minchah sacrifice vocabulary WG-incense.md: qatar, qtoreth, lebonah incense cluster WG-defile.md / WG-unclean.md: tame/tumah defilement vocabulary WG-transgressions.md: pesha, chattaah, avon, asham transgression cluster

Translation Relationship Entries Read¶

TR-kapporeth-hilasterion.md: kapporeth → hilasterion (Lev 16 mercy seat → Rom 3:25 propitiation) TR-taher-katharizo.md: taher → katharizo (OT cleansing → NT purification) TR-tame-akathartos.md / TR-tame-miaino.md: tame → akathartos/miaino (uncleanness bridge) TR-tumah-akatharsia.md: tumah → akatharsia (strong PMI 28.97) TR-chattaah-hamartia.md: chattaah → hamartia (strongest bridge: PMI 31.95)

Fresh Lookups (no library entry)¶

anah (H6031) — afflict / humble / be lowly¶

Source: Fresh tool queries (library entry was not generated)

Occurrences: 84 (BLB) / 92 tokens (search_strongs)
Transliteration: anah (ʻânâh)
Definition: A primitive root; to depress literally or figuratively, transitive or intransitive — abase self, afflict(-ion, self), chasten self, deal hardly with, defile, exercise, force, gentleness, humble (self), hurt, ravish, submit self, weaken

Semantic range (from KJV translations): - "afflict" — 5x; "afflicted" — 2x; "ye shall afflict" — 4x; "was afflicted" — 3x - "humble" — 5x (Deut 8:2,3,16; 2 Sam 7:10) - "forced/force" — 5x (sexual violence: Gen 34:2; 2 Sam 13:12,14,22,32) - "exercised" — 2x (Ecc 1:13; 3:10)

Stem analysis from hebrew_parser.py: - Lev 16:29,31: Piel Perfect 2mp — veinnitem et-nafshoteikhem — "you shall afflict your souls" (active, intensive) - Lev 23:27: Piel Perfect 2mp — veinnitem — same form - Lev 23:29: Pual Imperfect 3fs — lo te'unneh — "shall not be afflicted" (passive). The shift from Piel (active "you shall afflict") to Pual (passive "shall not be afflicted") in the penalty clause is significant — the Pual implies divine agency or external process. - Lev 23:32: Piel Perfect 2mp — veinnitem — active command again - Num 29:7: Same Piel form

"Afflict your souls" cross-references verified: - Isa 58:3 — "we afflicted our soul" (Piel) — Israel asking why their affliction wasn't noticed. God responds: true affliction = loosing bands of wickedness, freeing the oppressed, feeding the hungry. - Isa 58:5 — "a day for a man to afflict his soul" (Piel) — God questions whether outward fasting IS affliction. - Psa 35:13 — "I humbled (anah, Piel) my soul with fasting" — connects affliction with fasting. - Ezra 8:21 — "afflict ourselves (Hithpael) before our God" — communal fasting and prayer. - Dan 10:12 — "chasten thyself" (anah Hithpael) — Daniel's self-humbling through fasting (Dan 10:2-3).

Key observations: 1. The DOA anah is Piel — intensive/factitive: actively bring about the state of lowliness/affliction upon one's nephesh (soul). 2. The penalty clause (Lev 23:29) shifts to Pual — the soul that is NOT passively afflicted (or: does not find itself in the state of affliction) is cut off. 3. Cross-references consistently link anah with fasting (Psa 35:13; Isa 58:3,5; Dan 10:2-3,12; Ezra 8:21), prayer, and self-humbling before God. 4. The karat penalty (Niphal karath — divine passive) for not afflicting = the DOA creates a binary: those who humble themselves (participate) and those who do not (cut off). This is a sorting/judgment function.

Grammar Reference Entries Read¶

Piel Stem (from `D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/stem-piel.md`)¶

Key Piel verbs in Lev 16: kaphar (Piel — make atonement), taher (Piel — declare/actively cleanse), qadash (Piel — make holy/consecrate), kalah (Piel — bring to an end), shalach (Piel — send away), anah (Piel — afflict)

Hithpael Stem (from `D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/stem-hithpael.md`)¶

In Lev 16:21: hitvaddah (yadah Hithpael) = "confess" — reflexive of Piel praise/acknowledge. The only reflexive verb in the entire chapter.

Niphal Stem (from `D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/stem-niphal.md`)¶

In Lev 23:29: venikhretah (karath Niphal) = "shall be cut off" — divine passive. God is the implied agent.

Required Word Traces¶

kaphar (H3722) in Lev 16 — All 16 Occurrences Mapped¶

Verse	Form	Object/Beneficiary
16:6	Piel	for himself and his house
16:10	Piel	"to make atonement with him" (scapegoat)
16:11	Piel	for himself and his house
16:16	Piel	for the holy place (from tumot, pesha, chattat)
16:17a	Piel InfCon	"to make atonement in the holy"
16:17b	Piel Perf	for himself, household, all congregation
16:18	Piel	for the altar
16:20	Piel InfCon	"of reconciling" (with kalah — end of atonement)
16:24	Piel	for himself and for the people (with burnt offerings)
16:27	Piel InfCon	"to make atonement in the holy"
16:30	Piel	for you, to cleanse you
16:32	Piel	"shall make the atonement"
16:33a	Piel	for the holy sanctuary
16:33b	Piel	for the tent of meeting and the altar
16:33c	Piel	for the priests
16:34	Piel InfCon	for the children of Israel for all their sins

salach (H5545) — CONFIRMED ABSENT from Lev 16¶

Searched: zero occurrences of "forgive" or "pardon" in Leviticus 16. All salach occurrences cluster in Lev 4-5,6,19 and Num 15 — the DAILY sin-offering contexts. The DOA exclusively uses kaphar+taher, never kaphar+salach.

nazah (H5137) — Sprinkling Pattern Comparison¶

Lev 16:14,15 (DOA MHP): 1x on kapporeth + 7x before it (eastward) — finger
Lev 16:19 (DOA altar): 7x upon the altar — finger
Lev 4:6,17 (daily sin offering): 7x before the veil — finger
Lev 14:7,51 (leper/house purification): 7x upon the one to be cleansed — bird blood
Pattern: "Seven times" appears in ALL nazah contexts. The number seven is structural.