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Raw Grammar Reference Data

Library Entries Read

Passage Analyses

  1. lev-10-16-20.md — Moses-Aaron confrontation. Key features: cognate infinitive absolute darosh darash (v.16, emphatic search); dual purpose infinitive chain laset + lekapper (v.17, bearing → atonement); Hophal perfect huba (v.18, blood-destination rule); Pual perfect soraph (v.16, resultative burning); construct chain qodesh qadashim (v.17, superlative "most holy"); interrogative heh + imperfect hayyitab (v.19, Aaron's rhetorical counter).

  2. lev-4-5-7.md — Blood application sequence. Key features: Weqatal chain in 3ms priestly prescription; Hiphil of nazah (causative sprinkling, 20 of 24 occurrences); tense shift from weqatal to yiqtol in v.7b (fronted object + imperfect for כָּל emphasis); four-verb blood path: tabal → nazah → nathan → shaphak; spatial grammar showing inward-then-outward movement.

  3. lev-16-14-16.md — DOA blood application. Key features: two-phase nazah (perfect hizzah on kapporeth surface + imperfect yazzeh before kapporeth); al-peney vs. lifney spatial distinction (contact vs. position); Piel of kaphar with locative object (haqqodesh — the holy place itself is atoned for); three min-prepositions in v.16 (mittumot / umipisheihem / lekhol-chatotam); Qal participle hashoken as circumstantial clause (God dwelling among their uncleanness).

  4. lev-16-30.md — kaphar-taher formula. Key features: UNIQUE three-verb sequence (yekapper Piel.Impf → letaher Piel.InfCon → titharu Qal.Impf); stem shift Piel → Qal within taher root (transitive causative → intransitive stative); Formula A (kaphar+salach, 13 verses) vs Formula B (kaphar+taher, Lev 16:30 only); person shift 3ms → 2mp (priestly action → congregational state); scope marker mikhol chatoteikhem ("from ALL your sins").

  5. lev-16-20-22.md — Scapegoat ritual. Key features: vekhillah (Piel.Perf.3ms of kalah) = structural boundary ("when he has FINISHED"); Hithpael of yadah (vehitvaddah) = confession; three sin terms with repeated kol (kol-avonot / kol-pisheihem / lekhol-chatotam); nathan (Qal) = transfer to goat's head; shillach (Piel) = sending away; nasa (Qal.Perf.3ms) = goat bears iniquities; erets gezerah = "land of cutting off."

  6. lev-16-21-sin-terms.md — Coordinated sin terms. Three direct-object components: et-kol-avonot bney yisrael (obj marker + all iniquities of Israel) + ve-et-kol-pisheihem (and obj marker + all their transgressions) + lekhol-chatotam (with respect to all their sins). Parser treats entire sequence as one [Objc] under hitvaddah. Repeated kol distributes totality to each term separately.

  7. num-28-1-10.md — Tamid ordinance. Key features: no consumption verbs in entire passage; shekar libation poured (hassek, Hiphil InfAbs of nasak) to YHWH, not drunk; olat tamid ordained at Sinai (v.6); Sabbath offering "beside" (al) the continual burnt offering (v.10).

  8. heb-9-11-22.md — Heavenly sanctuary and blood. Key features: paired dia-constructions (locative vs instrumental); paragenomenos (aor.mid.ptcp, circumstantial — "having arrived"); ephapax (once-for-all); a fortiori poso mallon (v.14); kaathariei (future — "shall purge"); gnomic present maxim (v.22: "without shedding of blood there is no remission").

Hebrew Stems

  1. stem-piel.md — Piel functions: factitive (cause a state), resultative (complete result), declarative-estimative (pronounce), denominative. Relevant: kaphar Piel = factitive ("effect atonement"); taher Piel = factitive/declarative; tame Piel = factitive ("cause to be unclean"); kalah Piel = resultative ("bring to completion").

  2. stem-niphal.md — Niphal functions: simple passive, stative, tolerative. Relevant: nislach = divine passive of salach ("it was forgiven" — no stated agent = God implied).

  3. stem-hithpael.md — Hithpael functions: reflexive, reciprocal, passive. Relevant: hitvaddah = reflexive confession (confessing upon oneself/over the goat).

  4. corporate-solidarity.md — Collective-singular vs. collective-plural construal. Diagnostic: singular verbs/suffixes = corporate unity; plural verbs/suffixes = distributive members. Relevant: Lev 4 uses singular suffixes (chattato = "his sin") for individual scope; Lev 16 uses plural suffixes (chatotam = "their sins") for corporate scope.