Grammar References — Library Entries Read + Notes¶
Library Entries Read¶
1. Niphal Stem (hebrew/stem-niphal.md)¶
- The N-stem: primarily simple passive, reflexive, or tolerative/middle
- Perfect: ni- prefix (niqtal); Imperfect: dagesh in first root letter (yiqqatel)
- Dan 8:14 nitsdaq = Niphal.Perf.3ms of tsadaq — the ONLY Niphal of tsadaq in the OT
- Function 1 (Simple Passive): subject receives action from external agent
- Dan 8:12 tinnaten = Niphal.Impf.3fs of nathan — "was given" (divine passive)
2. Hophal Stem (hebrew/stem-hophal.md)¶
- Passive counterpart of Hiphil — the causative passive
- ~440 occurrences in BH (vs. ~9,000 Hiphil) — rare but theologically heavy
- Agent-suppression is the defining feature: "was caused to do Z" — causer unnamed
- Dan 8:11 huram (Hophal.Perf.3ms of rum) — "was taken away" (tamid)
- Dan 8:11 hushlak (Hophal.Perf.3ms of shalak) — "was cast down" (sanctuary)
- Dan 12:11 husar (Hophal.Perf.3ms of sur) — "shall be taken away" (tamid)
- Legal passive formula: "shall be put to death" (mot yumat, ~17x) — agent unnamed
3. Hiphil Stem (hebrew/stem-hiphil.md)¶
- Causative active — the agent names who causes the action
- Dan 8:10 tappel (Hiphil.Wayq.3fs of naphal) — horn "cast down" the host (active, named agent)
- Dan 8:11 higdil (Hiphil.Perf.3ms of gadal) — horn "magnified himself" (active, named)
- Dan 8:12 tashlekh (Hiphil.Impf.3fs of shalak) — horn "cast down" truth (active, named)
- Dan 11:31 hesirou (Hiphil.Perf.3p of sur) — they "took away" the tamid (active, named)
4. Infinitive Construct of nathan — Predicative Complement (hebrew/infinitive-construct-natan-predicative.md)¶
- Dan 8:13 teth weqodesh wetsaba mirmac — "to give [both] sanctuary and host [to be] a trampling"
- The infinitive governs coordinated nominal object + predicative complement
- Dan 12:11 welatheth shiqquts shomem — "and for the purpose of placing the abomination that maketh desolate"
- 1 Ki 5:17 syntactic parallel: same InfCon teth + object + subjugation-predicate
5. Dan 8:14 Passage Analysis (passages/dan-8-14.md)¶
- wenitsdaq qodesh: Niphal.Perf.3ms of tsadaq with waw = prophetic perfect (future certainty)
- qodesh without article but definite from context (the sanctuary under discussion)
- erev boqer: asyndetic noun pair = compound time unit
- Clause is WQtX type (weqatal-X) — main prediction within quoted speech
- KJV "cleansed" is mistranslation; the verb root tsadaq = "be righteous/just/vindicated"
6. Divine Passive (greek/divine-passive.md)¶
- Passive verb whose unexpressed agent is God — Semitic reverential convention
- Apocalyptic edothe pattern in Revelation: Aorist Passive Indicative 3S of didomi
- Rev 13:5 edothe (2x): mouth given + authority given for 42 months
- Rev 13:7 edothe (2x): authority to make war with saints + authority over every tribe
- Rev 6:2,4,8; 9:1,3,5; 11:1; 16:8; 19:8; 20:4 — same pattern throughout Revelation
- The construction is structurally identical for positive and negative recipients
7. Aorist Passive Indicative (greek/aorist-passive-indicative.md)¶
- Rev 13:5,7 edothe forms confirmed as Aorist Passive Indicative 3S
- Includes the authorization-pattern analysis for Rev 13
8. Dan 8:12 asah parsing (hebrew/asah-qal-perfect-3fs.md)¶
- we'astah = Qal.Perf.3fs — "and she (the horn) did/practiced"
- 3fs agrees with qeren (horn, feminine)
Voice Pattern Summary (from parsing + grammar references)¶
| Verse | Verb | Stem | Voice | Agent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8:10 | tigdal | Qal | ACTIVE | Horn |
| 8:10 | tappel | Hiphil | ACTIVE | Horn |
| 8:10 | tirmesem | Qal | ACTIVE | Horn |
| 8:11a | higdil | Hiphil | ACTIVE | Horn |
| 8:11b | huram | Hophal | PASSIVE | Suppressed |
| 8:11b | hushlak | Hophal | PASSIVE | Suppressed |
| 8:12a | tinnaten | Niphal | PASSIVE (divine) | God (implied) |
| 8:12b | tashlekh | Hiphil | ACTIVE | Horn |
| 8:12c | asah | Qal | ACTIVE | Horn |
| 8:12d | hitslichah | Hiphil | ACTIVE | Horn |
| 11:31 | hesirou | Hiphil | ACTIVE | Agents (plural) |
| 11:31 | wenathenu | Qal | ACTIVE | Agents (plural) |
| 12:11 | husar | Hophal | PASSIVE | Suppressed |
| 12:11 | welatheth | Qal InfCon | PURPOSE | — |
The pattern: Active-Passive-Active chiasm (Zones A/B/C). Everything touching the heavenly sanctuary gets passive voice. Everything the horn does to exalt itself gets active voice.
Generated: 2026-05-12 Sources: Grammar reference library entries + hebrew_parser.py output