Word Studies¶

From Word Studies Library¶

tamid — H8548¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8548-tamid.md

Original: תָּמִיד | Transliteration: tamid | POS: Masculine noun
Occurrences: 104 in OT | Root: unused root meaning "to stretch" — continuance as indefinite extension
Definition: Properly, continuance; used attributively as "constant" or adverbially "constantly"; elliptically "the regular (daily) sacrifice"
Translation distribution: continually (53, 50.5%), the continual (17, 16.2%), continual (9, 8.6%), the daily (7, 6.7%), always (6, 5.7%)
Key distribution: Psalms 23x, Numbers 20x, Daniel 5x. Two usage domains: ritual law (Pentateuch) and spiritual devotion (Psalms/Prophets). Daniel uses tamid substantively ("the daily").
100% positive across all 104 OT uses — never pagan, never negative. Every use describes God's worship system.
Daniel uses: Dan 8:11 (taken away), 8:13 (how long?), 11:31 (taken away + replacement installed), 12:11 (taken away)
LXX: Rendered as dia pantos (G1223+G3956, "through all time"), not a single lexeme. In cultic contexts: endelechismos (technical coinage for "the continual offering")
Top collocations: olah (burnt offering, 26x), panim (before the LORD, 26x), minchah (meal offering, 16x)

shiqquwts — H8251¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8251-shiqquwts.md

Original: שִׁקּוּץ | Transliteration: shiqquwts | POS: Masculine noun
Occurrences: 29 in OT | Root: H8262 shaqats (to be filthy, detest)
Definition: Disgusting, filthy; especially idolatrous or concretely an idol
Translation: abomination(s) (20, 69%), detestable things (6, 21%), abominable (3, 10%)
Distribution: Ezekiel 8x, Jeremiah 5x, Daniel 3x — 55% in prophetic literature
Daniel uses (Abomination of Desolation formula): Dan 9:27, 11:31, 12:11 — always paired with shamem (H8074)
Always concrete objects/practices — idols placed IN sacred space (Jer 7:30; 32:34; Eze 5:11)
LXX: bdelygma (G946, 20x) — carried into NT (Matt 24:15; Mark 13:14)

shamem — H8074¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8074-shamem.md (newly generated)

Original: שָׁמֵם | Transliteration: shamem | POS: Verb (primitive root)
Occurrences: 80 verses (103 tokens) | Dual semantic field: physical ruination AND psychological stupefaction
Stems: Qal 33 (be desolate, be astonished), Niphal 24 (be laid desolate), Hiphil 17 (make desolate), Piel 4 (make desolate — Daniel's agent noun meshomem)
Daniel's formula: shiqquts meshomem — the "abomination that MAKES desolate" (Piel participle = active agent of desolation)
Dan 8:13: ha-pesha shomem — "the transgression of desolation" (Qal participle)
Dan 9:27, 11:31: shiqquts meshomem — the installed replacement that causes desolation
Dan 12:11: shiqquts shomem — the desolating abomination
LXX: eremoo (G2049, physical ruin) and eremosis (G2050, noun — used in Matt 24:15 "abomination of desolation")
Covenant-curse foundation: Lev 26:32-35 — land lies desolate when Israel breaks covenant

nathan — H5414¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5414-nathan.md

Original: נָתַן | POS: Verb (primitive root) | Occurrences: 2,285 tokens
Stems: Qal 1,920 (give, put, set), Niphal 82 (be given, be delivered), Hophal 8 (be given)
Key for this study — Niphal = passive "be given/delivered": Carries the "delivered into the hand of" idiom
Dan 8:12 tinnaten: Niphal.Impf.3fs of nathan — "was given" / "a host was given against the tamid"
The divine passive use: God is the implied agent who gives/permits
LXX bridge: didomi (G1325, 1,330 co-occurrences, PMI 3.51) — strongest Hebrew-Greek verb bridge

emeth — H571¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H571-emeth.md

Original: אֶמֶת | POS: Adverb/feminine noun | Occurrences: 131 tokens, 23 books
Root: H539 aman (to be firm, believe, be faithful) — stability, certainty, truth, trustworthiness
Translation: true (18, 14.4%), and truth (17, 13.6%), in truth (14, 11.2%), truth (12, 9.6%)
Semantic category 4 — Instruction, Law, and Divine Word:
Psa 119:142 "Thy law is truth"
Psa 119:151 "all thy commandments are truth"
Psa 119:160 "the beginning of thy word is truth"
Mal 2:6 "The law of truth was in his mouth"
Daniel uses (Prophetic/Revelatory Certainty):
Dan 8:12 "cast down the truth (emeth) to the ground"
Dan 8:26 "the vision... is true (emeth)"
Dan 10:1 "the thing was true (emeth)"
Dan 10:21 "the scripture of truth (emeth)"
Dan 11:2 "now will I shew thee the truth (emeth)"
Dual Hebrew sense: truth + faithfulness. LXX splits: aletheia (truth pole) vs. eleos/pistis (faithfulness pole)
LXX: aletheia G225 (83x), alethinos G228 (13x), dikaiosyne G1343 (23x)

tsadaq — H6663¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6663-tsadaq.md

Original: צָדַק | POS: Verb | Occurrences: 41
Stems: Qal 22 (be righteous), Hiphil 12 (declare righteous), Piel 5 (prove right), Niphal 1 (Dan 8:14 — the ONLY Niphal), Hithpael 1
Dan 8:14 nitsdaq: Niphal.Perf.3ms — "be vindicated/restored to rightness" — hapax-level construction
Dan 12:3 matsdiqey: Hiphil.Ptcp — "they that turn many to righteousness" — same root, causative stem
Isa 53:11 yatsdiq: Hiphil — "shall my righteous servant justify many" — Messiah causes righteousness
Key contrast: taher (H2891) = ritual/physical purity; tsadaq = moral/forensic rightness. KJV's "cleansed" in Dan 8:14 is a mistranslation.
LXX: dikaioo G1344 (21x primary verbal equivalent)

shna (Aramaic) — A8133¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/A8133-shna.md

Original: שְׁנָא | POS: Aramaic verb | Occurrences: 21 verses (26 tokens)
Stems: Peal 8v (intransitive — be changed), Pael 3v (transitive — change, frustrate), Ithpaal 4v (passive — be changed), Haphel 6v (causative — alter, change times/laws/decrees)
Critical contrast:
Dan 2:21 — God as subject: "he CHANGETH (mehashne — Haphel PARTICIPLE) the times and seasons" — participle = ongoing, characteristic action; God ACTUALLY changes
Dan 7:25 — Horn as subject: "think to CHANGE (lehashnayah — Haphel INFINITIVE) times and laws" — infinitive after yisbar (think/intend) = mere intention, not accomplished fact
Grammar encodes the gap: Participle (actuality, ongoing) vs. Infinitive after "think" (intention, attempt). Same verb, same stem, different grammatical forms = sovereignty vs. counterfeit.
The irrevocable-law motif (Dan 6): dath (law) + shna = "law that cannot be changed" (Dan 6:8,15). The horn attacks exactly what even Persian kings could not alter.

zman (Aramaic) — A2166¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/A2166-zman.md (newly generated)

Original: זְמָן | POS: Aramaic masculine noun | Occurrences: 11 verses (12 tokens)
Root: H2163 zaman — to fix (a time), appoint
Definition: An appointed occasion — a fixed, designated, or scheduled point in time. Carries inherent sense of pre-arrangement.
Dan 7:25 zimnin: The plural "times" that the horn attempts to change — appointed festivals/calendar seasons
Distinguished from iddan (H5732): iddan = set time-period/duration (used in "time, times, half a time"); zman = appointed occasion/scheduled moment. Both appear in Dan 7:25 but serve distinct roles.
LXX: kairos G2540 (8x, PMI 13.19) — confirms "appointed/opportune time" rather than mere duration (which would favor chronos)

pesha — H6588¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6588-pesha.md

Original: פֶּשַׁע | POS: Masculine noun | Occurrences: 90 verses
Root: H6586 pasha — to break away from authority, REBEL, transgress
Definition: A revolt (national, moral, or religious) — active defection, not merely moral failure
Translation: transgression/transgressions (~68, 76%), rebellion (1, 1%) — the single "rebellion" rendering reveals core sense
Dan 8:12 ba-pesha: "by reason of transgression/rebellion" — WHY the host was given against the tamid
Dan 8:13 ha-pesha shomem: "the transgression of desolation" — rebellion that desolates
Dan 9:24 lekhale ha-pesha: "to finish the transgression" — Messiah's work FINISHES what Dan 8:12 began
Connection: 8:12 pesha opens the door → 9:24 pesha is finished → 8:14 nitsdaq declares the result

cuwr/sur — H5493¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5493-cuwr.md

Original: סוּר | POS: Verb | Occurrences: 283 verses (382 tokens)
Stems: Qal 158 (turn aside, depart), Hiphil 133 (remove, take away), Hophal 5 (be removed)
Dan 11:31 hesirou: Hiphil.Perf.3p — "they shall TAKE AWAY the daily" — active, plural agents, named action
Dan 12:11 husar: Hophal.Perf.3ms — "the daily shall be TAKEN AWAY" — passive, agent suppressed
The 11:31→12:11 voice shift: Active Hiphil (agents named) → Passive Hophal (agent suppressed). Same verb, same action, different agency encoding.

dath (Aramaic) — A1882¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/A1882-dath.md

Original: דָּת | POS: Aramaic feminine noun | Occurrences: 13 verses
Three semantic categories: Royal decree (Dan 2:9,13,15), Irrevocable law (Dan 6:8,12,15), Law of God (Dan 6:5; 7:25; Ezr 7:12,14,25)
Dan 7:25: "think to change times and LAWS (dath)" — the horn attacks God's law
Psa 119:142 emeth = torah: Different vocabulary, same target. Dan 8:12 "truth cast down" = Dan 7:25 "laws changed"
Distinguished from torah (H8451): torah = instruction/teaching/covenant law from Moses; dath = administrative decree/statute, used of God's law by Gentile rulers from outside

tsalach — H6743¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6743-tsalach.md

Original: צָלַח | POS: Verb | Occurrences: 64 verses
Dan 8:12 hitslichah: Hiphil.Perf.3fs — "and prospered" — the horn's success is genuine but bounded
Dan 11:36: "shall prosper TILL the indignation be accomplished" — success bounded by divine decree
Ironic tension in Daniel: The verb's normally positive sense is held in tension — the horn genuinely succeeds, but within divine limits

shalak — H7993¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7993-shalak.md

Original: שָׁלַךְ | POS: Verb | Occurrences: 121 verses
Exclusively causative stems: Hiphil 112 (throw — agent named), Hophal 13 (be thrown — agent suppressed)
Dan 8:11 hushlak: Hophal.Perf.3ms — sanctuary "WAS CAST DOWN" — passive, agent suppressed
Dan 8:12 tashlekh: Hiphil.Impf.3fs — horn "CAST DOWN the truth" — active, horn is the agent
Same root, both voices in the same passage: This is deliberate. The author knows how to name the horn as agent (Hiphil in v.12) and deliberately does NOT when the sanctuary is the target (Hophal in v.11).

asah — H6213¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6213-asah.md

Dan 8:12 we'astah: Qal.Perf.3fs — "and she (the horn/host) did/acted/practiced"
Grammar reference: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/asah-qal-perfect-3fs.md
The 3fs subject: Feminine singular agrees with qeren (horn, feminine) — the horn is the actor

didomi — G1325¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1325-didomi.md

Original: δίδωμι | POS: Verb | Occurrences: 377 verses (430 tokens)
Passive voice = 21% — divine passive "was given" pattern
Rev 13:5 edothe: Aorist Passive Indicative 3S — "there was GIVEN unto him" — God as implied agent
Rev 13:7 edothe: Same form, twice — "it was GIVEN unto him to make war... power was GIVEN him"
The edothe chain: Dan 8:12 tinnaten (Hebrew Niphal) → Dan 7:25 Aramaic passive → Rev 13:5,7 edothe (Greek aorist passive) — same divine passive pattern across three languages

ephapax — G2178¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2178-ephapax.md (newly generated)

Original: ἐφάπαξ | POS: Adverb | Occurrences: 5 in NT
Root: epi (G1909) + hapax (G530) — "upon one occasion" — ONCE FOR ALL
All 5 uses:
Rom 6:10 — "he died unto sin ONCE"
1 Cor 15:6 — "seen of above five hundred brethren AT ONCE" (different sense — simultaneous)
Heb 7:27 — "this he did ONCE, when he offered up himself"
Heb 9:12 — "he entered in ONCE into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption"
Heb 10:10 — "we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ ONCE for all"
4 of 5 uses describe Christ's unrepeatable sacrifice — contrasted with the repetitive Levitical system
Reinstalling repeated sacrifice reverses the ephapax: This is the specific mechanism of the tamid replacement in the priesthood dimension

mesites — G3316¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3316-mesites.md

Original: μεσίτης | POS: Masculine noun | Occurrences: 6 in NT
1 Tim 2:5: "one God, and ONE mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus"
Heb 8:6, 9:15, 12:24: Christ as "mediator of a better/new covenant"
The exclusive claim: ONE mediator. Any system installing multiple human mediators between God and people takes away the tamid by definition.

hiereus — G2409¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2409-hiereus.md

Original: ἱερεύς | POS: Masculine noun | Occurrences: 30 in NT
Heb 10:11: "every priest STANDETH daily ministering and offering oftentimes the same sacrifices"
Standing = incomplete work. The earthly priest stands because his work is never finished.
Hebrews dominates (12 of 30 occurrences, 4.0 per 100 verses)

archiereus — G749¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G749-archiereus.md

Original: ἀρχιερεύς | POS: Masculine noun | Occurrences: 122 tokens
Singular = Christ as THE high priest (Hebrews); Plural = ruling priestly aristocracy (Gospels/Acts)
The contrast: Many priests (they died, Heb 7:23) vs. one permanent priest (Heb 7:24)

dikaioo — G1344¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1344-dikaioo.md

Original: δικαιόω | POS: Verb | Occurrences: 36 verses (48 tokens)
Passive voice dominates (~30 of 39 forms) — the sinner is acted upon; God is the implied agent
NT counterpart of tsadaq — same forensic-declaration concept
Rev 15:3, 16:7, 19:2: dikaios + alethinos pairing — "just AND true" = reversing emeth cast down

Word Groups Read¶

WG-continual-worship.md¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-continual-worship.md Links H8548 tamid with related continuous worship concepts.

WG-abomination.md¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-abomination.md Groups H8251 shiqquwts, H8263 sheqets, H8441 to'ebah, H1544 gillul.

WG-truth.md¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-truth.md Groups H571 emeth, H530 emunah with related truth concepts.

WG-law.md¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-law.md Groups A1882 dath, H8451 torah with related law concepts.

WG-priests.md, WG-intercession.md, WG-sacrifice.md, WG-transgressions.md¶

All read and incorporated above.

Translation Relationships Read¶

TR-emeth-aletheia.md¶

Cross-testament trace showing emeth → aletheia mapping. Key: the dual sense (truth + faithfulness) splits in Greek.

TR-shiqquwts-bdelygma.md¶

Cross-testament trace: shiqquts → bdelygma. The LXX carries Daniel's "abomination" formula directly into Matthew 24:15.

TR-tsadaq-dikaioo.md¶

Cross-testament trace: tsadaq → dikaioo. Dan 8:14 nitsdaq maps to the dikaioo passive pattern.

TR-kohen-hiereus.md¶

Cross-testament trace: kohen → hiereus. The priesthood vocabulary is consistent across testaments.

TR-towrah-nomos.md¶

Cross-testament trace: torah → nomos. The law vocabulary bridges testaments.

TR-ramas-katapateo.md¶

Cross-testament trace: ramas → katapateo. Heb 10:29 "trodden under foot the Son of God" links to Dan 8:13 mirmac.

Fresh Lookups (no library entry — newly generated entries)¶

All three "missing" entries (G2178-ephapax, H8074-shamem, A2166-zman) were successfully generated in Phase 3.5 and have been read from the library above.

Gathered: 2026-05-12 Study: sv-09-counterfeit-system