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Grammar References — Raw Data

Library Entries Read

1. Dan 7:9-10 Aramaic Judgment Scene

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/dan-7-9-10.md

Key grammatical features: 1. Periphrastic imperfective: chazeh haweit ("I was seeing") — Aramaic vision-introduction formula 2. remiyu (Peil Perfect 3mp of rmah): "thrones were placed" — NOT "cast down" (KJV). Court context favors placement, not overthrow. Peil = Aramaic passive. 3. yetib (Peal Perfect 3ms of ytb): used twice — v.9 "Ancient of Days sat" (enthronement); v.10 "the judgment sat" (court convened). Same verb, different subjects, marks transition from person to proceeding. 4. Four-phase verbal tense sequence: - Phase 1: Perfects (completed actions — thrones placed, Ancient sat) - Phase 2: Nominal clauses (static description — garment, hair, throne, wheels) - Phase 3: Participles + Imperfects (ongoing — fire flowing, serving, standing) - Phase 4: Perfects (judicial acts — judgment convened, books opened) 5. petiychu (Peil Perfect 3mp of ptch): "were opened" — divine passive. Creates inclusio with remiyu: both Peil passives frame the scene (thrones placed... books opened), with agent suppressed in both. 6. yeshammeshunneh (Pael Impf 3mp + 3ms suffix of shmsh): "were serving him" — only Pael (intensive) verb in the passage; imperfect = ongoing durative service.

2. Leviticus 16:30 — Kaphar-Taher Formula

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-16-30.md

Three-verb formula (unique to this verse): 1. ykhapper (Piel Impf 3ms of kaphar): priestly atoning action 2. letaher (Piel Inf.Con. of taher): purpose clause — "to cleanse you" 3. tithharu (Qal Impf 2mp of taher): resulting state — "you shall be clean"

Stem shift: Piel taher (transitive, causative) → Qal taher (intransitive, stative). Grammar encodes that cleanness is both externally conferred and internally realized.

Formula comparison: - Daily: kaphar + salach (Niphal divine passive = forgiveness) — Lev 4:20, 4:26, etc. - Annual: kaphar + taher (Qal stative = cleansing) — Lev 16:30 only in full form - Daily addresses individual; annual addresses corporate ("all your sins," 2mp) - salach NEVER in Lev 16; taher NEVER in Lev 4-5

3. Daniel 9:24-27 — Six Infinitival Purposes

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/dan-9-24-27.md

Six telic infinitive construct clauses: 1. lekhalle (Piel of klh): "to finish the transgression" (pesha) 2. ulehatem (Hiphil of tmm): "to make an end of sins" (chattat) 3. ulekhapper (Piel of kphr): "to make reconciliation for iniquity" (avon) 4. ulehabi (Hiphil of bw): "to bring in everlasting righteousness" (tsedeq olamim) 5. welachtom (Qal of chtm): "to seal up the vision and prophecy" 6. welimshoch (Qal of mshch): "to anoint the most Holy" (qodesh qodashim)

3+3 structure: First triad removes sin (pesha, chattat, avon = exact Lev 16:21 triad). Second triad installs positive results (tsedeq olamim, sealed prophecy, anointed sanctuary).

nechtak (Niphal Perfect 3ms of chathak, H2852): HAPAX — the only occurrence in the OT. "Seventy weeks are cut off/decreed." The unique cutting verb marks this as a deliberate allotment.

4. Leviticus 16:14-16 — Blood Application Sequence

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-16-14-16.md

  • v.14: Blood of bull sprinkled on mercy seat (kapporeth) eastward, then before the mercy seat 7 times with finger
  • v.15: Goat blood treated identically ("do with that blood as he did with the blood of the bullock")
  • v.16: The summary statement — kaphar for the holy place because of tumot, pish'eihem, chatotam (three sin categories)
  • Grammar: Hiphil of nazah (spatter) used twice in v.14, shifting from perfect (wehizzah, completed act) to imperfect (yazzeh, prescriptive instruction)

5. Leviticus 16:20-22 — Live-Goat Ritual

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/lev-16-20-22.md

  • v.20: kalah (Piel Perf 3ms of klh) — "when he hath made an end of reconciling" — structural boundary marker; blood atonement complete before scapegoat
  • v.21: Three sin terms in coordinated construct: avonot (iniquities) + pish'eihem (their transgressions) + chatotam (their sins) — exact match to Lev 16:16
  • v.21: hithvaddah (Hithpael of ydh) — "confess" — reflexive, Aaron confesses on behalf of the people
  • v.22: nasa (Qal Perf 3ms of nsa) — "the goat shall bear" — the goat carries the sins away

6. Dan 8:14 Grammar Analysis

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/dan-8-14.md

  • nitsdaq (Niphal Perfect 3ms of tsadaq): the only Niphal of tsadaq in the OT
  • Asyndetic erev boqer: no conjunction between evening and morning; unique counting unit
  • Two hapax constructions in one verse mark the temporal element as encoded

7. Dan 7:13 — kebar enash

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/dan-7-13.md

  • "one like the Son of man came with the clouds [ananey] of heaven"
  • The Aramaic anan (A6050) is hapax — one use in the entire Bible
  • The figure approaches the Ancient of Days (movement toward the throne, not away from it)

8. Hebrew Stem Niphal

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/stem-niphal.md

  • Three main functions: simple passive, reflexive/middle, tolerative
  • Dan 8:14 nitsdaq = passive ("shall be vindicated") — sanctuary receives vindication
  • Dan 9:24 nechtak = passive ("is decreed/cut off")
  • The Niphal as "receiving vindication" puts the sanctuary as the beneficiary, not the agent

9. Dan 8:11-12 Voice Alternation

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/dan-8-11-12-voice-alternation.md

  • Active-passive-active chiasm: horn acts → sanctuary affected (passive) → horn acts again
  • When sanctuary is the target, grammar shifts to passive with agent suppressed
  • Horn cannot directly touch heavenly sanctuary — grammar encodes the limitation

Grammar references read: 2026-05-12