Hebrew Parsing — Raw Output¶

Lev 16:16 — Three Sin-Words (Comprehensive Triad)¶

וְכִפֶּר עַל־הַקֹּדֶשׁ מִטֻּמְאֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִפִּשְׁעֵיהֶם לְכָל־חַטֹּאתָם

Key words:
- כִפֶּר (kippur) — Verb.Piel.Perf.3ms of כפר — "cover/atone"
- טֻּמְאֹת (tumot) — Noun.fp.Cst of טמאה — "uncleannesses" (PLURAL feminine)
- פִּשְׁעֵיהֶם (pishehem) — Noun.mp.Abs+3mp of פשׁע — "their rebellions/transgressions" (PLURAL masculine + 3mp suffix)
- חַטֹּאתָם (chatotam) — Noun.fp.Abs+3mp of חטאת — "their sins" (PLURAL feminine + 3mp suffix)

CRITICAL: All three sin-words are PLURAL with possessive suffixes pointing to the congregation.

Lev 16:21 — Confession and Scapegoat Ceremony¶

וְסָמַךְ אַהֲרֹן אֶת־שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו עַל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר הַחַי 
וְהִתְוַדָּה עָלָיו אֶת־כָּל־עֲוֹנֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 
וְאֶת־כָּל־פִּשְׁעֵיהֶם לְכָל־חַטֹּאתָם 
וְנָתַן אֹתָם עַל־רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר 
וְשִׁלַּח בְּיַד־אִישׁ עִתִּי הַמִּדְבָּרָה

Key words:
- סָמַךְ (samak) — Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms of סמך — "support/lean/lay" — hand-laying
- שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו — "both his hands" (dual construct + 3ms suffix) — BOTH hands, unique in sacrificial system
- הַשָּׂעִיר הַחַי — "the he-goat the living" — the LIVE goat (article + adjective)
- הִתְוַדָּה (hitvaddah) — Verb.Hithpael.Perf.3ms of ידה — "confess" — REFLEXIVE stem, only reflexive verb in Lev 16
- עֲוֹנֹת (avonot) — Noun.mp.Cst of עון — "iniquities" (PLURAL)
- פִּשְׁעֵיהֶם (pishehem) — Noun.mp.Abs+3mp of פשׁע — "their transgressions" (PLURAL)
- חַטֹּאתָם (chatotam) — Noun.fp.Abs+3mp of חטאת — "their sins" (PLURAL)
- נָתַן (nathan) — Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms of נתן — "give/put" — PLACING sins on the goat
- שִׁלַּח (shillach) — Verb.Piel.Perf.3ms of שׁלח — "send away" — Piel = intensive dismissal
- אִישׁ עִתִּי — "a fit/ready man" (ish itti)
- הַמִּדְבָּרָה — "to the wilderness" (directional he suffix)

Lev 16:30 — Purpose Statement (kaphar → taher → titharu)¶

כִּי־בַיֹּום הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם לְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם לִפְנֵי יְהוָה תִּטְהָרוּ

Key words:
- יְכַפֵּר (yekhapper) — Verb.Piel.Impf.3ms of כפר — "he shall atone" (PURPOSE: the priest acts)
- לְטַהֵר (letaher) — Verb.Piel.InfCon of טהר — "to cleanse" (INFINITIVE of PURPOSE)
- חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם (chatoteikhem) — Noun.fp.Abs+2mp of חטאת — "your sins" (PLURAL)
- תִּטְהָרוּ (titharu) — Verb.Qal.Impf.2mp of טהר — "you shall be clean" (RESULT: the people receive cleanness)

Chain: kaphar (Piel, active, priest as agent) → letaher (Piel, purpose infinitive) → titharu (Qal, intransitive, people as subject)
Atonement PRODUCES cleanness. The priest DOES the atoning; the people BECOME clean.

Lev 16:20 — Closure Marker (kalah)¶

וְכִלָּה מִכַּפֵּר אֶת־הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאֶת־אֹהֶל מֹועֵד וְאֶת־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְהִקְרִיב אֶת־הַשָּׂעִיר הֶחָי

Key words:
- כִלָּה (killah) — Verb.Piel.Perf.3ms of כלה — "he completed/finished"
- מִכַּפֵּר (mikapper) — Prep.min + Verb.Piel.InfCon of כפר — "from atoning"
- הִקְרִיב (hiqriv) — Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms of קרב — "he brought near/presented"

Structural significance: kalah Piel = closure marker. Blood atonement is COMPLETED before the scapegoat ceremony begins. Two distinct phases separated by this verb.

Lev 16:17 — Chiastic Center (Total Exclusion)¶

וְכָל־אָדָם לֹא־יִהְיֶה בְּאֹהֶל מֹועֵד בְּבֹאֹו לְכַפֵּר בַּקֹּדֶשׁ עַד־צֵאתֹו

Key words:
- כָל־אָדָם (kol-adam) — "every human" / "any man at all"
- לֹא־יִהְיֶה (lo yihyeh) — "shall not be" — absolute prohibition
- בְּבֹאֹו (bevo'o) — Verb.Qal.InfCon+3ms of בוא — "when he enters"
- עַד־צֵאתֹו (ad-tse'to) — Verb.Qal.InfCon+3ms of יצא — "until he comes out"

Total exclusion: NO human present during the atonement. The high priest is ALONE with God. Priestly mediation is exclusively divine work through one agent.

Exo 34:6-7 — Divine Self-Revelation (Sin-Word Source Triad)¶

v.7: נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה

Key words:
- נֹשֵׂא (nose') — Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms of נשׂא — "bearing/forgiving" (PARTICIPLE = continuous attribute)
- עָוֹן (avon) — Noun.ms.Abs of עון — "iniquity" (SINGULAR)
- פֶשַׁע (pesha) — Noun.ms.Abs of פשׁע — "transgression/rebellion" (SINGULAR)  
- חַטָּאָה (chata'ah) — Noun.fs.Abs of חטאה — "sin" (SINGULAR)

COMPARISON WITH LEV 16:21:
- Exo 34:7 order: avon + pesha + chata'ah (SINGULAR forms, without possessive suffixes)
- Lev 16:21 order: avonot + pishehem + chatotam (PLURAL forms, WITH possessive suffixes)
- Same three roots: עון + פשׁע + חטאת
- The shift from singular to plural confirms: the divine declaration in Exo 34:7 describes God's CHARACTER (bearing sin as an attribute); Lev 16:21 describes the ACCUMULATED TOTALITY of the people's specific sins.

Lev 10:17 — Priestly Sin-Bearing Mandate (Dual Infinitive)¶

נָתַן לָכֶם לָשֵׂאת אֶת־עֲוֹן הָעֵדָה לְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם לִפְנֵי יְהוָה

Key words:
- נָתַן (nathan) — Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms — "he gave" (GOD gave the sin offering to the priests)
- לָשֵׂאת (laset) — Verb.Qal.InfCon of נשׂא — "to bear" (INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE #1)
- עֲוֹן הָעֵדָה (avon ha-edah) — "the iniquity of the congregation"
- לְכַפֵּר (lekapper) — Verb.Piel.InfCon of כפר — "to atone" (INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE #2)

Dual-infinitive structure: God gave the sin offering to the priests FOR TWO PURPOSES:
1. laset (to bear) the iniquity — sin-bearing function
2. lekapper (to atone) for them — atonement function
These are NOT alternatives. The priest BEARS sin AND ATONES — both are one priestly function.