Word Studies¶

From Word Studies Library¶

H817 — asham (guilt/trespass offering)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H817-asham.md - Occurrences: 41 unique verses (47 tokens) across 10 books - Translation: "trespass offering" (80.5%), "trespass" (12.2%), "guiltiness" (2.4%), "offering for sin" (2.4%) - Concentration: Leviticus 56% of all occurrences (Lev 5-7, 14) - Semantic range: (1) Ritual sacrifice, (2) Guilt/liability state, (3) Restitution/compensation, (4) Non-Israelite use (Philistines, 1 Sam 6), (5) Vicarious offering (Isa 53:10), (6) Eschatological temple (Ezekiel) - Key distinctive: Uniquely combines both the debt AND the payment in a single word - LXX mapping — CRITICAL: No single consistent Greek equivalent. Rendered as agnoia G52 (PMI 16.03), hamartia G266 (PMI 12.48), basanos G931 (PMI 12.32). Also rendered by plemmelia (not in KJV Strong's). This fragmentation means the asham's guilt-plus-offering duality is LOST in Greek translation.

H816 — asham (verb: to be guilty)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H816-asham.md - 32 verses; verbal root of H817

H818 — ashem (guilty, adjective)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H818-ashem.md

H819 — ashmah (guiltiness/trespass)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H819-ashmah.md

WG: Guilt Offering (H817/H816/H818/H819)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-guilt-offering.md - Links H817 asham, H816 asham (verb), H2403 chattaah, H3722 kaphar, H352 ayil, H4604 maal, H6588 pesha, H5771 avon - LXX Overlaps: Greek conflates four distinct Hebrew guilt/sin terms (H817 + H2403 + H5771 + H6588) all into hamartia (G266). This is the core translation failure this study investigates.

G3900 — paraptoma (offence/trespass) — NEWLY GENERATED¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3900-paraptoma.md - Occurrences: 20 unique verses, 23 tokens across 8 NT books - Translation: "trespasses" (35%), "offence/offences" (25%), "fall" (5%), "fault/faults" (10%), "sins" (15%) - Distribution: Romans 40% (8/20), with 6 clustered in Rom 5:15-20 - Hebrew source via LXX: maal H4604 (PMI 7.66), maal H4603 (PMI 7.34), evel H5766 (PMI 6.38), pesha H6588 (PMI 5.56) — but NOT asham H817 - Key co-occurrences: 100% paired with dikaiosis G1347 (both verses); 25% with charis G5485; 15% with mallon G3123 - Critical finding: Paraptoma collocates with dikaiosis in BOTH of that word's NT occurrences (Rom 4:25, 5:18), creating a fixed pairing: specific offense → specific acquittal

G1347 — dikaiosis (justification/acquittal) — NEWLY GENERATED¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1347-dikaiosis.md - Occurrences: 2 in NT (Rom 4:25, 5:18) — both in Romans, both paired with paraptoma - Distinctively Pauline: Not in LXX. A term Paul created or adopted specifically for this context. - -sis vs. -ma suffix: dikaiosis = the ACT/PROCESS of justifying; dikaioma = the RESULT/PRODUCT (the righteous deed) - Key structural observation: The paraptoma-dikaiosis pairing encodes specific offense → specific legal acquittal, which mirrors asham structure (specific debt → specific resolution)

G4121 — pleonazo (to multiply/abound) — NEWLY GENERATED¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4121-pleonazo.md - Occurrences: 9 tokens, 8 verses, 6 books - In Rom 5:20: Used for sin's multiplication (pleonase = "might abound"), then Paul switches to huperperisseuo for grace's response — a deliberate verb escalation establishing grace exceeds sin - Hebrew source via LXX: adaph H5736 (PMI 9.81, "to be redundant/have surplus"), rabah H7235 (PMI 5.49) - Position in surplus chain: Rom 5:20a pleonazo (sin multiplies) → 5:20b huperperisseuo (grace super-abounds) — different order verbs marking asymmetric escalation

G661 — apotino (to pay in full) — NEWLY GENERATED, HAPAX¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G661-apotino.md - Occurrences: 1 (Phm 1:19) — HAPAX LEGOMENON - Definition: From apo (away from) + tino (to pay a price); to pay off entirely, settle a debt completely - Form: apotiso — Future Active Indicative 1S — "I will pay in full" — functions as a legally binding promissory statement - Hebrew source via LXX: shalam H7999 (PMI 7.62) — "make whole, repay, restitute" (Exo 21:34-36, 22:1-14). Co-occurring Hebrew words (baal "owner," shor "ox," ganab "steal") reflect property-damage and theft-restitution contexts — the EXACT contexts of the asham in Leviticus 6:1-5 - Critical significance: This is the most structurally explicit asham-echo in the NT. Paul uses a word whose LXX background is Exodus restitution law to assume Onesimus's debt.

G5235 — huperballo (to surpass/exceed) — NEWLY GENERATED¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5235-huperballo.md - Occurrences: 5 verses (2 Cor, Eph) — all as present active participles ("the surpassing X") - Objects surpassed: glory (2 Cor 3:10), grace (2 Cor 9:14, Eph 2:7), power (Eph 1:19), love (Eph 3:19) - No Hebrew source — exclusively Pauline coinage

G5236 — huperbole (excess/surpassing) — NEWLY GENERATED¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5236-huperbole.md - Occurrences: 7 verses (8 tokens) — exclusively Pauline - Key construction: kath' huperbolen ("beyond measure") — 6 of 8 tokens - In Rom 7:13: Sin's exceeding sinfulness (kath' huperbolen hamartolos) — the law exposes sin as surpassingly sinful, establishing the magnitude of the debt that requires the surpassing remedy

G3782 — opheile (indebtedness/debt due) — NEWLY GENERATED¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3782-opheile.md - Occurrences: 3 verses (Mat 18:32, Rom 13:7, 1 Cor 7:3) - In Mat 18:32: "I forgave thee all that DEBT (opheile)" — the master's cancellation of the servant's entire financial liability - Relationship to opheilema/opheiletes: opheile = abstract state of indebtedness; opheilema = concrete thing owed; opheiletes = the person who owes

G3083 — lytron (ransom price)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3083-lytron.md - Occurrences: 2 (Mat 20:28, Mark 10:45) — same logion in parallel accounts - Construction: dounai ten psychen autou lytron anti pollon — "to give his life a ransom FOR (anti) many" - LXX background: Translates Hebrew kopher H3724 (ransom price) — NOT asham. This is kopher-type ransom (deliverance price), not asham-type restitution (debt repayment).

G487 — antilytron (corresponding ransom)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G487-antilytron.md - Occurrences: 1 (1 Tim 2:6) — HAPAX - Construction: ho dous heauton antilytron huper panton — triple substitutionary markers: (1) heauton "himself," (2) anti- prefix, (3) huper "on behalf of" - Intensification over lytron: The anti- prefix adds the substitutionary dimension explicitly

G629 — apolytrosis (redemption/ransom in full)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G629-apolytrosis.md - 10 occurrences; the apo- prefix suggests completed/full ransoming

G3084 — lytroo (to ransom)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3084-lytroo.md - 3 occurrences; verb form of the ransom concept

G1805 — exagorazo (to buy up/ransom from marketplace)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1805-exagorazo.md - 4 occurrences; marketplace-purchase metaphor

G5498 — cheirographon (handwritten IOU)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5498-cheirographon.md - HAPAX at Col 2:14 — a legal debt document, handwritten acknowledgment of obligation - Three actions against it: exaleipsas (blotting out), erken ek tou mesou (taken out of the way), proselosas (nailing to cross) — permanent cancellation of a binding debt record - Asham relevance: The cheirographon treats sin as a specific, documentable obligation (debt) rather than generic defilement — aligning with asham's concrete-debt framework

G3049 — logizomai (to reckon/impute)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3049-logizomai.md - 40 verses (49 tokens); 12 NT books - Ledger/accounting metaphor: Places something to a person's account (credit or debit) - Divine passive dominant: 14 occurrences in passive = God as the implied agent who reckons

G859 — aphesis (release/forgiveness)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G859-aphesis.md - 16 verses, 17 tokens; "remission" + "forgiveness" = 93.8% - Luke-Acts concentration: 9 of 17 tokens (53%) - In Eph 1:7: "the forgiveness (aphesis) of sins (paraptomat)" — release from specific offenses, paired with apolytrosis (redemption) and blood

G266 — hamartia (sin)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G266-hamartia.md - 151 occurrences — the broadest sin term - LXX flattening: Translates chattaah (270x), but also avon (93x), pesha (34x), and even asham — collapsing four distinct Hebrew terms into one Greek word

G4052 — perisseuo (to exceed/abound)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4052-perisseuo.md - 35 verses; the standard NT "abound" verb - In Rom 5:15: eperisseusen (aorist) — grace "abounded" to many — the base-level surplus verb

G5248 — huperperisseuo (super-abound)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5248-huperperisseno.md - 2 occurrences (Rom 5:20, 2 Cor 7:4) — grace "super-abounded" over sin

G5250 — huperpleonazo (super-abound exceedingly)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5250-huperpleonazo.md - HAPAX at 1 Tim 1:14 — grace of our Lord was "exceeding abundant"

G3123 — mallon (more/rather)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3123-mallon.md - 69 occurrences; in Rom 5:15,17 as "pollo mallon" (much more) — the comparative intensifier

G3781 — opheiletes (debtor)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3781-opheiletes.md - 7 occurrences; in Mat 6:12 "forgive our debtors"

G3783 — opheilema (debt)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3783-opheilema.md - 2 occurrences; in Mat 6:12 "forgive us our debts" — the concrete-debt word Jesus uses where Luke uses hamartia

G3784 — opheilo (to owe)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3784-opheilo.md - 35 occurrences; the root verb for the debt word family

G2378 — thysia (sacrifice)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2378-thysia.md - Generic sacrifice term — contributes to LXX flattening of distinct offerings

G5485 — charis (grace)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5485-charis.md - 147 occurrences; in the surplus chain of Rom 5:15-21

G2435 — hilasterion (propitiation/mercy seat)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2435-hilasterion.md - 2 occurrences (Rom 3:25, Heb 9:5) — successful kapporeth→hilasterion bridge (contrast with failed asham bridge)

G1345 — dikaioma (righteous act/ordinance)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1345-dikaioma.md - 10 occurrences; in Rom 5:16,18 contrasted with paraptoma

G1344 — dikaioo (to justify)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1344-dikaioo.md - 36 occurrences

G1343 — dikaiosyne (righteousness)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1343-dikaiosyne.md - 85 occurrences; in Rom 5:17 "the gift of righteousness"

Word Groups from Library¶

WG-abundance (surplus/abundance word group)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-abundance.md - Members: perisseuma G4051, perisseia G4050, perisseuo G4052, perissos G4053, husterema G5303 (antonym) - Key passage: 2 Cor 8:14 — "your abundance for their want"

WG-superabundance (perissos word family)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-superabundance.md - Members: perissos G4053, perisseuo G4052, perisseia G4050, perisseuma G4051, perissoteros G4056, perissos adv G4057, pleion G4119 - Distinction: perissos = qualitative surplus; pleion = quantitative comparison

WG-exceeding (surpassing concept) — NEWLY GENERATED¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-exceeding.md - Members: huperballo G5235, huperbole G5236, huperperisseuo G5248, huperpleonazo G5250, perisseuo G4052, perissos G4053 - Paradigmatic alternatives: Paul selects ONE per context, never combines — substitution-class synonyms

WG-debt (debt/obligation word group)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-debt.md - Members: opheilo G3784, opheilema G3783, opheile G3782, opheiletes G3781, prosopheilo G4359, chreopheiletes G5533, aphiemi G863, charizomai G5483 - Key passage: Mat 6:12 — three group members in one verse

WG-imputation (reckoning/crediting word group)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-imputation.md - Members: logizomai G3049, dikaiosyne G1343, pisteuo G4100, dikaioo G1344, ellogeo G1677, hamartia G266 - Key: ellogeo G1677 (charge to account) appears in Phm 1:18 — "put that on mine account" — and Rom 5:13 — "sin is not imputed when there is no law"

WG-redemption (ransom/release word group)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-redemption.md - Members: apolytrosis G629, lytron G3083, lytrosis G3085, lytroo G3084, lytrotes G3086, lyo G3089, antilytron G487, exagorazo G1805, aphesis G859, haima G129 - Note: lytron-family words are never paired directly — they are alternatives, not combined

Translation Relationship Files from Library¶

TR-chattaah-hamartia (sin/sin offering)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-chattaah-hamartia.md - chattaah H2403 (270x OT) → hamartia G266 (242x as LXX translation, PMI 31.95) → hamartia G266 (151x NT) - Critical: The LXX translation is highly faithful for chattaah. The prophetic triad (chattaah + avon + pesha) dissolves in NT Greek: all three typically collapse into hamartia or paraptoma

TR-chashab-logizomai (reckoning/imputation)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-chashab-logizomai.md - chashab H2803 (122v OT) → logizomai G3049 (70x as LXX translation, PMI 31.41) → logizomai G3049 (40v NT) - Key: Gen 15:6 establishes the imputation formula; Paul inherits it intact via LXX

TR-chamiyshiy-pemptos (fifth/fifth part)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-chamiyshiy-pemptos.md - chamiyshiy H2549 (44x) → pemptos G3991 (33x, PMI 30.54) → pemptos G3991 (4x NT, all Revelation) - Critical gap: The OT fractional sense ("a fifth part" = 20% surcharge in restitution law) has NO NT equivalent. The NT never uses pemptos as a fraction. The asham's distinctive "principal plus one-fifth" is structurally absent from NT vocabulary.

TR-padah-lytroo (ransom/redeem)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-padah-lytroo.md - padah H6299 (48x) → lytroo G3084 (39x, PMI 28.75) → lytroo G3084 (3x NT) - LXX collapses both padah (payment-ransom) AND gaal (kinsman-redeemer) into lytroo

TR-kapporeth-hilasterion (mercy seat/propitiation)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-kapporeth-hilasterion.md - kapporeth H3727 (22v) → hilasterion G2435 (16x, primary) → hilasterion G2435 (2x NT) - Successful bridge — high-fidelity translation. Contrast with FAILED asham bridge.

TR-hen-charis (grace/favor)¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-hen-charis.md - hen H2580 (67x) → charis G5485 (58x, PMI 33.09) → charis G5485 (147x NT) - Seamless vocabulary transfer — grace concept preserved intact across testaments

Fresh Lookups (No Library Entry)¶

G5092 — time (value/price/honor)¶

Source: Fresh tool queries - Occurrences: 43 total, 10 unique translations - Translation: "honour" (69.8%), "price" (9.3%), "with a price" (4.7%) - Key price-language verses: 1 Cor 6:20, 7:23 — "bought with a price (times)" - Relevance: The "price" sense connects to ransom/payment vocabulary but is primarily about honor/value rather than debt-settlement

G3085 — lytrosis (ransoming/redemption)¶

Source: Fresh tool queries - Occurrences: 3 (Luk 1:68, 2:38, Heb 9:12) - Translation: "redeemed" / "redemption" - Key: Heb 9:12 — "by his own blood...having obtained eternal redemption (lytrosis)"

Grammar Reference¶

Greek Divine Passive¶

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/greek/divine-passive.md - In Rom 4:25: Both paredothe (was delivered) and egerthe (was raised) are aorist passive indicative 3S — divine passives with God as the implied agent - The passive foregrounds the recipient (Christ) while reserving divine agency for the theological backdrop - This construction in Rom 4:25 treats both Christ's delivery (for our offenses) and resurrection (for our justification) as divine acts — God acts as both the judge who delivers and the power who raises