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Raw Strong's Lookups

Library Entries Read (no fresh lookups needed)

All 22 library entries were read and incorporated into 04-word-studies.md:

Word Studies (individual)

  1. H817-asham.md — guilt/trespass offering (noun)
  2. H816-asham.md — to be guilty (verb)
  3. H818-ashem.md — guilty (adjective)
  4. H2403-chattaah.md — sin/sin offering
  5. H3722-kaphar.md — to cover/atone
  6. H5545-calach.md — to forgive/pardon
  7. H2236-zaraq.md — to sprinkle/dash (asham blood)
  8. H5414-nathan.md — to give/put (chattat blood)
  9. H6944-qodesh.md — holiness/holy thing
  10. H6942-qadash.md — to sanctify
  11. H6918-qadowsh.md — holy (adjective)
  12. H7999-shalam.md — to make whole/restore

Newly Generated (Phase 3.5)

  1. H4604-maal.md — treachery/trespass (noun)
  2. H4603-maal.md — to act treacherously (verb)
  3. H2549-chamiyshiy.md — fifth/fifth part
  4. H7725-shuwb.md — to return/restore
  5. H819-ashmah.md — guiltiness/fault
  6. H898-bagad.md — to act treacherously

Word Groups

  1. WG-guilt-offering.md
  2. WG-sacrifice.md
  3. WG-atonement.md
  4. WG-transgressions.md

Additional Generated Files (verified to exist)

  • WG-unfaithfulness.md
  • TR-shuwb-epistrepho.md
  • TR-chamiyshiy-pemptos.md

Key Findings from Library Data

Asham (H817) — Dual Semantic Nature

The word uniquely fuses guilt-state AND offering in a single lexeme. No other Hebrew sacrificial term does this. The chattat (H2403) also has this dual nature (sin + sin offering), but the asham's version specifically encodes DEBT that must be repaid.

Maal (H4603/H4604) — The Trigger

The cognate-accusative construction maal maal appears in 57% of verb occurrences. Root meaning "to cover up" — covert treachery. This explains why the asham addresses hidden/covert offenses rather than open rebellion.

Zaraq vs. Nathan — Blood Procedure Distinction

  • zaraq (H2236): dash/toss blood on altar walls, round about. Used for olah, shelamim, AND asham.
  • nathan (H5414): place blood with finger on specific points (horns). Used for chattat.
  • The asham shares its blood procedure with NON-expiatory offerings, suggesting its blood is not primarily about sanctuary purification.

Chamiyshiy (H2549) — The Fifth Part

The 20% surcharge appears in two contexts: (1) asham restitution (Lev 5:16; 6:5; Num 5:7) and (2) redemption of dedicated things (Lev 27:13,15,19,27,31). Both contexts involve reclaiming something from God's sacred sphere.

LXX Fragmentation

The LXX has NO consistent Greek equivalent for asham. The concept fragments across hamartia (G266), agnoia (G52), and other words. This is why the NT has no explicit "guilt offering" terminology — the concept was already obscured in Greek translation before the NT was written.