Raw Hebrew Parsing Data¶
Leviticus 16:15¶
Hebrew: וְשָׁחַט אֶת־שְׂעִיר הַחַטָּאת אֲשֶׁר לָעָם וְהֵבִיא אֶת־דָּמוֹ אֶל־מִבֵּית לַפָּרֹכֶת וְעָשָׂה אֶת־דָּמוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְדַם הַפָּר וְהִזָּה אֹתוֹ עַל־הַכַּפֹּרֶת וְלִפְנֵי הַכַּפֹּרֶת
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| וְשָׁחַט | שׁחט | Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | and he slaughtered |
| שְׂעִיר | שׂעיר | Noun.ms.Cst | he-goat of |
| הַחַטָּאת | חטאת | Noun.fs.Abs | the sin [offering] |
| וְהֵבִיא | בוא | Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms | and he brought |
| דָּמוֹ | דם | Noun.ms.Abs.+3ms | his blood |
| הַכַּפֹּרֶת | כפרת | Noun.fs.Abs | the kapporeth (cover/mercy seat) |
Key observations: - הִזָּה (Hiphil of נזה) = "spatter/sprinkle" — ritual blood application - כַּפֹּרֶת appears twice — blood sprinkled ON it and BEFORE it - חַטָּאת = sin offering — the sacrifice specifically for purification - No wrath vocabulary in this verse — purely ritual/purification language
Leviticus 16:16¶
Hebrew: וְכִפֶּר עַל־הַקֹּדֶשׁ מִטֻּמְאֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִפִּשְׁעֵיהֶם לְכָל־חַטֹּאתָם
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| וְכִפֶּר | כפר | Verb.Piel.Perf.3ms | and he made atonement |
| עַל הַקֹּדֶשׁ | קדשׁ | Noun.ms.Abs | for/upon the holy [place] |
| מִטֻּמְאֹת | טמאה | Noun.fp.Cst | from uncleannesses of |
| בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל | — | — | children of Israel |
| וּמִפִּשְׁעֵיהֶם | פשׁע | Noun.mp.Abs.+3mp | and from their transgressions |
| לְכָל חַטֹּאתָם | חטאת | Noun.fp.Abs.+3mp | for all their sins |
| הַשֹּׁכֵן | שׁכן | Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms | the one dwelling |
| אִתָּם | את | Prep.+3mp | together with them |
| בְּתוֹךְ טֻמְאֹתָם | טמאה | Noun.fp.Abs.+3mp | in the midst of their uncleannesses |
Key observations: - כִפֶּר (Piel of kaphar) = "he atoned" — the central ritual verb - The object of atonement is הַקֹּדֶשׁ (the holy place) — atonement cleanses the SANCTUARY, not God - מִטֻּמְאֹת (from uncleannesses) — the preposition מִן indicates removal of defilement (expiation) - הַשֹּׁכֵן ... בְּתוֹךְ טֻמְאֹתָם = "the one dwelling in the midst of their uncleannesses" — God's presence among a contaminated people - THREE categories of sin: טמאה (uncleanness), פשׁע (transgression), חטאת (sin) - No wrath vocabulary — exclusively purification/defilement language
Numbers 17:11 (=16:46 KJV) — Aaron's incense stopping plague¶
Hebrew: וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל אַהֲרֹן קַח אֶת הַמַּחְתָּה וְתֶן עָלֶיהָ אֵשׁ מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְשִׂים קְטֹרֶת וְהוֹלֵךְ מְהֵרָה אֶל הָעֵדָה וְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם כִּי יָצָא הַקֶּצֶף מִלִּפְנֵי יְהוָה הֵחֵל הַנָּגֶף
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| קַח | לקח | Verb.Qal.Impv.2ms | Take! |
| הַמַּחְתָּה | מחתה | Noun.fs.Abs | the censer |
| וְתֶן | נתן | Verb.Qal.Impv.2ms | and put |
| אֵשׁ | אשׁ | Noun.s.Abs | fire |
| מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ | מזבח | Noun.ms.Abs | from upon the altar |
| קְטֹרֶת | קטרת | Noun.fs.Abs | incense |
| וְכַפֵּר | כפר | Verb.Piel.Impv.2ms | and make atonement |
| עֲלֵיהֶם | על | Prep.+3mp | for them |
| כִּי יָצָא | יצא | Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | for has gone out |
| הַקֶּצֶף | קצף | Noun.ms.Abs | THE WRATH |
| מִלִּפְנֵי יְהוָה | פנה | Noun.mp.Cst | from before the LORD |
| הֵחֵל | חלל | Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms | has begun |
| הַנָּגֶף | נגף | Noun.ms.Abs | the plague |
Key observations: - This verse DOES contain explicit wrath vocabulary: קֶצֶף (qetseph) = wrath/anger - כַפֵּר (Piel imperative) = "make atonement" — used to STOP divine wrath - The sequence: wrath (qetseph) → plague (negeph) → atonement (kaphar) → plague stopped - קֶצֶף מִלִּפְנֵי יְהוָה = "wrath from before the LORD" — wrath has a divine source - This is the clearest OT text where kaphar explicitly functions as wrath-aversion (propitiation)
Numbers 17:12 (=16:47 KJV) — Aaron runs into the congregation¶
Hebrew: וַיִּקַּח אַהֲרֹן ... וַיִּתֵּן אֶת הַקְּטֹרֶת וַיְכַפֵּר עַל הָעָם
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| וַיְכַפֵּר | כפר | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms | and he atoned |
| עַל הָעָם | עם | Noun.ms.Abs | for the people |
Psalm 78:38¶
Hebrew: וְהוּא רַחוּם יְכַפֵּר עָוֹן וְלֹא יַשְׁחִית וְהִרְבָּה לְהָשִׁיב אַפּוֹ וְלֹא יָעִיר כָּל חֲמָתוֹ
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| רַחוּם | רחום | Adj.ms.Abs | compassionate |
| יְכַפֵּר | כפר | Verb.Piel.Impf.3ms | he atones/forgives |
| עָוֹן | עון | Noun.ms.Abs | iniquity |
| וְלֹא יַשְׁחִית | שׁחת | Verb.Hiphil.Impf.3ms | and did not destroy |
| וְהִרְבָּה | רבה | Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms | and he multiplied |
| לְהָשִׁיב | שׁוב | Verb.Hiphil.Inf | to turn back |
| אַפּוֹ | אף | Noun.ms.Abs.+3ms | his anger (aph) |
| וְלֹא יָעִיר | עור | Verb.Hiphil.Impf.3ms | and did not stir up |
| כָּל חֲמָתוֹ | חמה | Noun.fs.Abs.+3ms | all his wrath (chemah) |
Key observations: - כפר + BOTH אף (aph/anger) AND חמה (chemah/fury) in the same verse - הָשִׁיב אַפּוֹ = "turned back his anger" — explicit wrath-aversion - kaphar here is NOT in a sacrificial context — it means "forgave" (divine mercy) - Dual wrath vocabulary (aph + chemah) with dual negative results (not destroy + not stir up) - This verse bridges kaphar (atonement) with wrath-turning in a non-cultic, divine-mercy context
Exodus 25:17¶
Hebrew: וְעָשִׂיתָ כַפֹּרֶת זָהָב טָהוֹר
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| וְעָשִׂיתָ | עשׂה | Verb.Qal.Perf.2ms | and you shall make |
| כַפֹּרֶת | כפרת | Noun.fs.Cst | a kapporeth (cover) |
| זָהָב | זהב | Noun.ms.Abs | gold |
| טָהוֹר | טהר | Adj.ms.Abs | pure |
Key observations: - כַפֹּרֶת (kapporeth) derives from כפר (kaphar) — "the covering/atoning place" - The adjective טָהוֹר (tahowr, "pure") from the same root as taher — purity vocabulary embedded in the kapporeth's description - The kapporeth is both physically a "cover/lid" and functionally an "atonement place"