Topics Research¶

Question¶

When Paul calls Christ the hilasterion (Rom 3:25) and John calls him the hilasmos (1 John 2:2, 4:10), are they describing propitiation (turning away God's wrath), expiation (removing sin's defilement), or both — and what does the Hebrew kapporeth background require?

Topics¶

PROPITIATION¶

(Expiation, sin-offering) ROM 3:25; 5:1,10,11; 2CO 5:18,19; COL 1:20-22; 1JN 2:2; 4:10 (R. V., margin, reads, "And over it the propitiatory.") HEB 9:5 Cross-reference: ATONEMENT

Note: Nave's groups propitiation with expiation and sin-offering as a single entry, suggesting these are not distinct categories in the biblical text but overlapping aspects of the same provision.

MERCY-SEAT¶

Description of: EXO 25:17-22
Placed on the ark of the testimony: EXO 26:34; 30:6; 31:7; 40:20; HEB 9:5
Materials of, to be a freewill offering: EXO 35:4-12
Made by Bezaleel: EXO 37:1,6-9
Sprinkled with blood: LEV 16:14,15
The shekinah upon: EXO 25:22; 30:6,36; LEV 16:2; NUM 7:89; 17:4; 1SA 4:4; 2SA 6:2; 2KI 19:15; 1CH 13:6; PSA 80:1; 99:1; ISA 37:16; HEB 4:16
In Solomon's temple: 1CH 28:11

ATONEMENT¶

For tabernacle and furniture: LEV 16:15-20,33 By incense: NUM 16:46-50 By animal sacrifices: EXO 29:36; 30:12-16; LEV 1:4; 4:20,22-35; 5:6-10; 6:7; 9:7; 10:17; 12:6-8; 14:12-32; 16:6,10,11,15-19,24-34; 17:11; 19:22; NUM 15:22-28; 28:22,30; 29:5,10,11; HEB 9:22

Day of Atonement: - Time of: EXO 30:10; LEV 23:27; 25:9; NUM 29:7 - How observed: EXO 30:10; LEV 16:2-34; 23:27-32; NUM 29:7-11; ACT 27:9; HEB 5:3; 9:7,19,22

Made by Jesus: - Divinely ordained: LUK 2:30,31; GAL 4:4,5; EPH 1:3-12; COL 1:19,20; 1PE 1:20; REV 13:8 - Made but once: HEB 7:27; 9:24-28; 10:10,12,14; 1PE 3:18 - Redemption by: MAT 20:28; ACT 20:28; GAL 3:13; 1TI 2:6; HEB 9:12; REV 5:9 - Typified: GEN 4:4/HEB 11:4; EXO 12:5,11,14/1CO 5:7; LEV 16:30,34/HEB 9:7,12,28; LEV 17:11/HEB 9:22

Unclassified scriptures: PSA 40:6,7; ISA 53:4-12; DAN 9:24-27; ZEC 13:1; MAT 26:28; ROM 3:24-26; 4:25; 5:1,2,6-11,15-21; 1CO 1:17,18; 2CO 5:18,19; EPH 1:7; 2:13-18; COL 1:14,19-22; 1TH 5:9,10; TIT 2:14; HEB 1:3; 2:9,17; 9:12-15,25,26; 10:1-20; 1PE 1:18-20; 2:24; 1JN 1:7; 2:2; 3:5; 4:10; REV 1:5; 5:9; 7:14

PURIFICATION¶

By blood: EXO 24:5-8; LEV 14:6,7; HEB 9:12-14,19-22
Figurative: PSA 26:6; 51:7; EZK 36:25; HEB 10:22
Scriptures relating to: GEN 35:2; EXO 19:10,14; 29:4; 30:18-21; LEV 8:6; 14:8,9; 15:4-13,16-27; 16:4,24,26,28; 17:15; 22:3; NUM 8:6,7,21; 19:7,8,19; HEB 9:10

DEFILEMENT¶

Laws relating to: LEV 7:18-21; 11:43; 22:2-7
Caused by: leprosy, bodily discharges, touching the dead, carcasses
Of priests: LEV 16:26,28; NUM 19:7-10; EZK 44:25,26

JUDGMENT (THE GENERAL)¶

1CH 16:33; PSA 9:7; 50:3-6; 96:13; ECC 3:17; 12:14; DAN 7:9,10; ROM 2:5-10,12-16; 14:10-12; 2CO 5:10; HEB 6:2; 9:27; 10:27; REV 6:15-17; 11:18; 20:11-15

AVENGER OF BLOOD¶

Premosaic: GEN 9:5,6
Scriptures relating to: NUM 35:19-29; DEU 19:4-13; JOS 20:1-9

PURITY (OF HEART)¶

PSA 12:6; 24:3-5; 51:7; ISA 1:18; MAT 5:8; HEB 9:13,14; 10:2; 1JN 3:3

EXPIATION¶

Cross-reference to ATONEMENT (Nave's treats them as the same topic)

WRATH (see GOD, ANGER OF)¶

Cross-references: JUDGMENT; PUNISHMENT, DIVINE; PUNISHMENT, ETERNAL Key wrath verses: ROM 1:18; 2:5-10; 5:9; 1TH 1:10; 5:9; REV 6:15-17; 14:10,11

Blood-Atonement Connection¶

LEV 17:11 — "it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul" — the central OT statement linking blood and atonement HEB 9:22 — "without shedding of blood is no remission" — the NT restatement