Word Studies

From Word Studies Library

kaphar (H3722) — Cover/Atone

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3722-kaphar.md - 16 occurrences in Lev 16 alone — more than any other chapter - Piel stem: active, transitive — the priest DOES the atoning - Objects of kaphar in Lev 16: the holy place (v.16), the tabernacle (v.16), the altar (v.18), himself (v.6,11,17,24), his house (v.6,11,17), the congregation (v.17,24), priests (v.33), all people (v.33) - In v.30: kaphar produces taher (cleanness) — atonement is the MEANS, cleanness is the RESULT

kippur (H3725) — Atonement/Expiation

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3725-kippur.md - Noun form used in "Day of Atonement" (Yom Kippur/Kippurim) - 8 occurrences, all Leviticus-Numbers sacrificial context

taher (H2891) — Be Clean/Purify

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2891-taher.md - In Lev 16:19: Piel active — "cleanse it" (the altar) - In Lev 16:30: Piel infinitive construct letaher ("to cleanse you") + Qal imperfect titharu ("you shall be clean") - The Piel→Qal chain: priestly action (Piel, transitive) → people's state (Qal, intransitive) - LXX bridge: taher → katharizo (G2511) — directly mapped in Heb 9:22-23

chattaah (H2403) — Sin / Sin Offering

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2403-chattaah.md - 306 occurrences; dual meaning: "sin" AND "sin offering" — the offering IS the sin, bearing it - In Lev 16:5: two goats = ONE chattat (singular!) — the entire two-goat system is a single sin offering - In Lev 16:16,21: chattotam (PLURAL with 3mp suffix) — accumulated sins of the people - In Lev 4: singular forms address individual acts of sin

chata (H2398) — Miss/Sin

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2398-chata.md - Root verb behind chattaah — "to miss the mark"

avon (H5771) — Iniquity/Guilt/Punishment

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5771-avon.md - 234 occurrences; semantic triad: the ACT (iniquity), the GUILT, and the PUNISHMENT - In Lev 16:21: avonot (PLURAL construct) — "all the iniquities of the children of Israel" - In Exo 34:7: avon (SINGULAR absolute) — God's character of bearing iniquity - In Lev 10:17: avon ha-edah (singular construct) — "the iniquity of the congregation"

pesha (H6588) — Transgression/Rebellion

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6588-pesha.md - 95 occurrences; core meaning: willful rebellion, covenant violation, deliberate treachery - In Lev 16:16: pishehem (PLURAL + 3mp suffix) — "their transgressions" - In Lev 16:21: pishehem (PLURAL + 3mp suffix) — "all their transgressions" - In Exo 34:7: pesha (SINGULAR absolute) — parallel to the divine declaration

asham (H817) — Guilt/Trespass Offering

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H817-asham.md - NOT explicitly named in Lev 16 — the asham offering is NOT part of the DOA ritual - However, the DOA addresses defilement of the sanctuary (Lev 16:16), which is the category of offense that triggers asham legislation (Lev 5:15-16: "sin in the holy things of the LORD")

nasa (H5375) — Bear/Carry/Lift

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5375-nasa.md - Three registers identified in the atonement-frameworks study: 1. Divine forgiveness: God "bears" (forgives) sin — Exo 34:7 nose avon 2. Priestly mediation: priest "bears" iniquity to atone — Lev 10:17 laset avon 3. Scapegoat removal: goat "bears" sins away — Lev 16:22 venasa hassair

salach (H5545) — Forgive/Pardon

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5545-calach.md - ONLY God as subject — divine prerogative exclusively - Niphal passive: "it shall be forgiven" — Lev 4:20,26,31,35 (salach formula after chattat offering) - Notably ABSENT from Lev 16 — the DOA does not use salach; it uses kaphar + taher instead

azazel (H5799) — Scapegoat

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5799-azazel.md - 4 occurrences, ALL in Lev 16 (vv. 8,10,10,26) - Meaning debated: "complete removal," "goat of departure," or proper name - The scapegoat is NOT sacrificed — it is sent ALIVE to the wilderness

maal (H4603) — Treachery/Unfaithfulness

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H4603-maal.md - The asham trigger term — 38 occurrences - NOT PRESENT in Lev 16 — confirmed by search (H4603 does not appear in the chapter) - Appears in Lev 5:15 ("commit a trespass in the holy things"), Num 5:6, Jos 22:20 - Absence from Lev 16 is significant: the DOA does NOT explicitly invoke the asham framework's trigger term

paga (H6293) — Encounter/Intercede

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6293-paga.md - The sin-transfer → intercession bridge (identified in atone-13 on Isaiah 53) - Not directly present in Lev 16 but bridges the DOA concept to Isaiah 53

tame (H2930) — Be Unclean/Defile

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2930-tame.md

tumah (H2932) — Uncleanness

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2932-tumah.md - In Lev 16:16: tumot (PLURAL construct) — first category of sin addressed in the DOA - In Lev 16:16 (end): tumotam (PLURAL + 3mp suffix) — the tabernacle remains among them "in the midst of their uncleannesses" - In Lev 15:31: tumah causes death when it defiles the tabernacle — ambient, not just brought by sacrifice

qadash (H6942) — Sanctify

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6942-qadash.md - In Lev 16:19: vekiddesho — "and he shall hallow it" (the altar), paired with taher

qodesh (H6944) — Holiness/Holy Thing

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6944-qodesh.md - In Lev 16:16: haqqodesh — "the holy [place]" — object of atonement - In Lev 16:33: qodesh haqqodashim — "the holy sanctuary" (holy of holies)

tsadaq (H6663) — Be Righteous/Vindicate

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6663-tsadaq.md - In Dan 8:14: nitsdaq — Niphal Perfect 3ms — "shall be vindicated/cleansed" - DIFFERENT root from taher — forensic/legal vs. ritual cleansing - See grammar reference: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/dan-8-14.md

olah (H5930) — Burnt Offering

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5930-olah.md - In Lev 16:3,5: ram for burnt offering — SEPARATE from the chattat - In Lev 16:24: olah offered AFTER blood atonement AND scapegoat removal — final act - Consecration/whole-dedication following atonement

tamid (H8548) — Continually/Daily

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8548-tamid.md - In Num 29:11: "beside the sin offering of atonement, and the continual burnt offering" - The DOA supplements but does not replace the daily (tamid) service

moed (H4150) — Appointed Time/Feast

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H4150-moed.md - In Lev 16:16,17,20,23,33: ohel moed — "tent of meeting/appointment"

NT Word Studies (From Library)

katharizo (G2511) — Cleanse/Purify

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2511-katharizo.md - In Heb 9:22: katharizeta (Present Passive Ind) — "is purified/cleansed" - In Heb 9:23: katharizesthai (Present Passive Inf) — "to be purified" - In Heb 9:14: kathariei (Future Active Ind) — "shall cleanse [the conscience]" - LXX bridge from taher (H2891): direct lexical mapping

katharismos (G2512) — Cleansing/Purification

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2512-katharismos.md (newly generated) - 7 NT occurrences; key: Heb 1:3 "when he had by himself purged (katharismos) our sins" - Noun form of katharizo — the cleansing EVENT/PROCESS - Hebrew source: tohorah (H2893) — ceremonial purification

hilasterion (G2435) — Mercy Seat/Propitiation

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2435-hilasterion.md - Rom 3:25: God set forth Christ as hilasterion — propitiation/mercy seat - Heb 9:5: the mercy seat itself (the kapporeth)

hilasmos (G2434) — Propitiation/Expiation

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2434-hilasmos.md - 1Jn 2:2; 4:10: Christ IS the hilasmos for our sins

haima (G129) — Blood

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G129-haima.md - Dominant in Heb 9: vv. 7,12,13,14,18,19,20,21,22,25 — 10 occurrences in one chapter

hamartia (G266) — Sin

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G266-hamartia.md

anaphero (G399) — Bear Up/Offer

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G399-anaphero.md - Heb 9:28: anenenkein hamartias — "to bear sins" (Aorist Active Infinitive) - 1Pe 2:24: anenken hamartias — "bare our sins" (Aorist Active Indicative) - LXX bridge from nasa (H5375) — the priestly sin-bearing verb crosses testaments

archiereus (G749) — High Priest

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G749-archiereus.md - Heb 9:7,11,25: the high priest's DOA entry typifies Christ's heavenly entry

Other NT entries read but not detailed here:

• G2409 hiereus, G2378 thysia, G2643 katallage, G3083 lytron, G1242 diatheke, G2513 katharos, G3900 paraptoma, G458 anomia

Word Groups (From Library)

WG-atonement.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-atonement.md - Core members: kaphar, kippur, hilasterion, hilasmos, katallage

WG-sin.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-sin.md - Core members: chata, chattaah, avon, pesha, asham, hamartia

WG-sacrifice.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-sacrifice.md

WG-priests.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-priests.md

WG-cleansing.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-cleansing.md

WG-curse.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-curse.md

WG-forgiveness.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-forgiveness.md

Translation Relationships (From Library)

TR-taher-katharizo.md — taher → katharizo LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-taher-katharizo.md - The core bridge for DOA → Hebrews typology: Lev 16:19,30 (taher) → Heb 9:22-23 (katharizo)

TR-kapporeth-hilasterion.md — kapporeth → hilasterion LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-kapporeth-hilasterion.md - Mercy seat (Lev 16:2,13,14,15) → propitiation (Rom 3:25, Heb 9:5)

TR-chattaah-hamartia.md — chattaah → hamartia LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-chattaah-hamartia.md

TR-nasa-airo.md — nasa → airo LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-nasa-airo.md

TR-avon-adikia.md — avon → adikia LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-avon-adikia.md

TR-tumah-akatharsia.md — tumah → akatharsia LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-tumah-akatharsia.md

TR-olah-holokautoma.md — olah → holokautoma LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-olah-holokautoma.md

TR-chata-hamartano.md — chata → hamartano LXX bridge

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-chata-hamartano.md

Newly Generated Word Studies (Phase 3.5)

yadah (H3034) — Praise / Confess

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3034-yadah.md - 111 occurrences; Hiphil (~90%) = praise/thanksgiving; Hithpael (~10%) = confess sins - In Lev 16:21: Hithpael perfect 3ms — vehitvaddah — "and he confessed" - The ONLY reflexive verb in Lev 16 — confession is categorically different from all other DOA actions - The Hithpael marks the confession as a reflexive, self-directed act: the high priest confesses ON BEHALF of the people, but the verb form emphasizes the personal/reflective nature - LXX: yadah → exomologeo (G1843) — same dual range in Greek

shalach (H7971) — Send Away

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7971-shalach.md - 790 occurrences; Qal = send (dispatch), Piel = send away / release / dismiss - In Lev 16:10: Piel infinitive — "to let him go" (leshallach) for a scapegoat - In Lev 16:21: Piel perfect — veshillach — "and shall send him away" - In Lev 16:22: Piel perfect — veshillach — "he shall let go" - In Lev 16:26: Piel participle — hammeshalle'ach — "he that let go" - The Piel stem is significant: intensive dismissal, deliberate release — same stem used for Pharaoh releasing Israel (Exodus refrain) and for divorce

saiyr (H8163) — He-Goat / Hairy One

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H8163-saiyr.md - 57 occurrences; dominant: sacrificial he-goat (70%+) - In Lev 16: 12 occurrences — the specific term for the DOA goats - Semantic range includes "devil/demon" (Lev 17:7; 2Chr 11:15) and "satyr" (Isa 13:21; 34:14) — the goat-demon dimension - Root: saar (H8175, "to storm/shiver/bristle") — connected to the terrifying/wild - The same word used for sacrificial animals AND demonic beings creates a semantic tension relevant to scapegoat identity

samak (H5564) — Lean/Lay Hands

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5564-camak.md - 47 occurrences; dominant in Leviticus (14 = 30%) - Sacrificial formula: samak + yad + rosh + animal — "lay hand upon head" - In Lev 16:21: UNIQUE — both hands (shetey yadav), not one; confession accompanies hand-laying - Standard chattat/olah: ONE hand, no confession - The double-hand + confession combination is exclusive to the scapegoat ceremony

kalah (H3615) — Complete/Finish

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3615-kalah.md - 199 occurrences; Piel = complete/finish (transitive) - In Lev 16:20: vekhillah mikapper — "and he finished from atoning" - Structural closure marker: blood atonement is COMPLETED (kalah Piel) before scapegoat ceremony begins - Two distinct phases separated by this verb: Phase 1 (blood ministry, vv. 11-20a) → closure (v. 20a) → Phase 2 (scapegoat, vv. 20b-22)

katharismos (G2512) — Cleansing/Purification

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2512-katharismos.md - 7 NT occurrences; key: Heb 1:3 katharismon poiēsamenos — "having made purification of sins" - Noun of katharizo; Hebrew source: tohorah (H2893) - Bridges Mosaic purification rites (Mark 1:44, Luke 2:22) to Christ's accomplished atonement (Heb 1:3)

Translation Relationships (Newly Generated)

TR-yadah-exomologeo.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-yadah-exomologeo.md - yadah → exomologeo (G1843): 78x co-occurrence in LXX - Both senses (praise AND confession) carry through - NT shifts: confession sense dominates (64% in NT vs. 14% in OT)

TR-shalach-apostello.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-shalach-apostello.md - shalach → apostello (G649): 443x — authoritative commissioning - shalach Piel → exapostello (G1821): 210x — "send away/release" = scapegoat's verb in LXX

TR-camak-epitithemi.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-camak-epitithemi.md - samak → epitithemi (G2007): 23x — ritual hand-laying - Sacrificial hand-laying (samak) has no direct NT ritual counterpart — Christ's sacrifice replaces the entire system

WG-laying-on-of-hands.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-laying-on-of-hands.md - Core formula: samak + yad + rosh + shachat — "lay hand upon head... and kill" - Lev 16:21 is the definitive passage: samak + yadav (both hands) + rosh + yadah (confession) — the FULLEST expression of the transfer mechanism

WG-praise-thanksgiving.md

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-praise-thanksgiving.md - yadah's dual semantic range (praise AND confession) linked to the towdah (thanksgiving/confession offering)

Grammar References Read

Niphal Stem

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/hebrew/stem-niphal.md - Relevant for Dan 8:14 nitsdaq (Niphal Perfect 3ms of tsadaq) and salach Niphal in Lev 4

Dan 8:14 Grammar Analysis

Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/grammar-reference/passages/dan-8-14.md - nitsdaq = Niphal Perfect 3ms of tsadaq — "shall be vindicated" (prophetic perfect with waw) - ONLY Niphal of tsadaq in entire OT — hapax stem usage - KJV "cleansed" translates the word but tsadaq is forensic, not ritual — the ritual verb would be taher

Key Verification Findings

Singular vs. Plural Sin-Words (Bohr Claim Verification)

Hebrew parsing confirms: - Lev 16:16: tumot (fp), pishehem (mp+3mp), chatotam (fp+3mp) — ALL PLURAL - Lev 16:21: avonot (mp), pishehem (mp+3mp), chatotam (fp+3mp) — ALL PLURAL - Exo 34:7: avon (ms), pesha (ms), chata'ah (fs) — ALL SINGULAR - Lev 4:3: chattato (fs+3ms, "his sin") — SINGULAR - Lev 5:15: "sin through ignorance" — SINGULAR acts

This confirms a shift: individual sin legislation (Lev 1-15) uses singular forms; the DOA (Lev 16) uses plural forms addressing accumulated totality.

Exo 34:7 ↔ Lev 16:21 Triad Comparison

• Same three roots: avon + pesha + chattat
• Exo 34:7 order: avon → pesha → chata'ah (God's character declaration, singular forms)
• Lev 16:21 order: avonot → pishehem → chatotam (DOA confession, plural forms + possessive suffixes)
• Both use nasa in relation to sin: Exo 34:7 nose avon (God bearing/forgiving); Lev 16:22 venasa hassair (goat bearing away)

H4603 maal Absent from Lev 16

Confirmed: maal does NOT appear in Leviticus 16. The asham trigger term is absent from the DOA text. The DOA uses different vocabulary (tumah, pesha, chattat) to address sanctuary defilement.