Greek Parsing — Raw Output

Romans 5:15

Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα· εἰ γὰρ τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι 
οἱ πολλοὶ ἀπέθανον, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι τῇ τοῦ 
ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐπερίσσευσεν.

Key terms:
- παράπτωμα (paraptoma, G3900) — Nom Sg N: "offence/trespass/side-slip"
- χάρισμα (charisma, G5486) — Nom Sg N: "free gift/grace-gift"
- πολλῷ μᾶλλον (pollo mallon) — Dat Sg N + Adv: "much more" (a fortiori)
- χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ (charis tou theou) — Nom Sg F + Gen: "the grace of God"
- δωρεά (dorea, G1431) — Nom Sg F: "free gift" (distinct from charisma)
- ἐπερίσσευσεν (eperisseusen) — Aor Act Ind 3S of perisseuo: "abounded/overflowed"
  → Aorist: decisive, completed action — grace superabounded as a done fact
- τοὺς πολλούς (tous pollous) — Acc Pl M: "the many" — parallel to Isa 53:11-12 ha-rabbim

Structure: "But not as the offence, so also the free gift" — the grace-gift is NOT like the offence. Then the a fortiori: if the offence killed the many, MUCH MORE (pollo mallon) grace has OVERFLOWED (eperisseusen) to the many. The free gift exceeds the offence — structural surplus.

Romans 5:17

εἰ γὰρ τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι ὁ θάνατος ἐβασίλευσεν διὰ τοῦ ἑνός, 
πολλῷ μᾶλλον οἱ τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης 
λαμβάνοντες ἐν ζωῇ βασιλεύσουσιν διὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.

Key terms:
- ἐβασίλευσεν (ebasileusen) — Aor Act Ind 3S: "death reigned" — past fact
- περισσείαν (perisseian, G4050) — Acc Sg F: "the abundance/surplus" of grace
  → THIS IS THE ONE-FIFTH PRINCIPLE IN GREEK: perisseia = the surplus that exceeds restitution
- τῆς χάριτος (tes charitos) — Gen Sg F: "of grace" — the surplus belongs to grace
- τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης — Gen Sg F + Gen Sg F: "of the gift of righteousness"
  → Double genitive: the gift which consists of righteousness
- λαμβάνοντες (lambanontes) — Pres Act Ptcp Nom Pl M: "those receiving" — ongoing reception
- βασιλεύσουσιν (basileusousin) — Fut Act Ind 3P: "they shall reign" — future certainty
- ἐν ζωῇ (en zoe) — Dat Sg F: "in life" — the sphere of reigning

Structure: If death REIGNED (past) through one offense, MUCH MORE (pollo mallon) those RECEIVING (present, ongoing) the SURPLUS (perisseian) of grace and the gift of righteousness SHALL REIGN (future) IN LIFE. The recipients don't merely survive — they reign. This is surplus beyond restoration.

Romans 5:20

νόμος δὲ παρεισῆλθεν ἵνα πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα· 
οὗ δὲ ἐπλεόνασεν ἡ ἁμαρτία, ὑπερεπερίσσευσεν ἡ χάρις

Key terms:
- παρεισῆλθεν (pareiselthen, G3922) — Aor Act Ind 3S: "came in alongside/entered"
- πλεονάσῃ (pleonase, G4121) — Aor Act Subj 3S: "might abound" — purpose clause
- ἐπλεόνασεν (epleonasen, G4121) — Aor Act Ind 3S: "abounded" — sin's increase (completed)
- ὑπερεπερίσσευσεν (huperperisseusen, G5248) — Aor Act Ind 3S: "super-abounded"
  → The huper- prefix creates categorical excess: grace didn't merely match sin, it SUPER-abounded
  → Paul uses pleonazo for sin's increase, then switches to huperperisseuo for grace — a verbal escalation

Structure: Where sin ABOUNDED (pleonazo), grace SUPER-ABOUNDED (huperperisseuo). The verb switch from pleonazo to huperperisseuo is the structural signal: grace operates in a higher category than sin. This is the NT equivalent of the one-fifth principle — not mere restoration but overflow.

2 Corinthians 5:21

τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν, 
ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ.

Key terms:
- γνόντα (gnonta) — Aor Act Ptcp Acc Sg M of ginosko: "the one not having known" sin
- ἁμαρτίαν (hamartian, G266) — Acc Sg F: "sin" (appears twice)
- ὑπέρ (huper) — Prep: "on behalf of" us
- ἐποίησεν (epoiesen) — Aor Act Ind 3S of poieo: "[God] made" — decisive divine action
- γενώμεθα (genometha) — Aor Mid Subj 1P of ginomai: "we might become"
- δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ (dikaiosyne theou) — Nom Sg F + Gen Sg M: "righteousness of God"

Structure: The great exchange — He who knew no sin was MADE sin (hamartian epoiesen) FOR US (huper hemon), in order that (hina) WE MIGHT BECOME (genometha) the righteousness of God IN HIM. This is the asham exchange compressed: the sinless one takes the debt, the debtors receive not merely pardon but positive righteousness.

Colossians 2:14

ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ' ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν, 
καὶ αὐτὸ ἦρκεν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου, προσηλώσας αὐτὸ τῷ σταυρῷ·

Key terms:
- ἐξαλείψας (exaleipsas, G1813) — Aor Act Ptcp Nom Sg M: "having blotted out/wiped away"
- χειρόγραφον (cheirographon, G5498) — Acc Sg N: "handwriting/bond/IOU" (HAPAX)
  → Compound: cheir (hand) + graphon (writing) — a debt document written by one's own hand
- τοῖς δόγμασιν (tois dogmasin, G1378) — Dat Pl N: "in/with ordinances/decrees"
- ὑπεναντίον (hupenantion, G5227) — Nom Sg N: "contrary to, opposed to" us
- ἦρκεν (erken) — Perf Act Ind 3S of airo: "has taken [it] out" — permanent removal
- προσηλώσας (proselosas, G4338) — Aor Act Ptcp Nom Sg M: "having nailed [it]"
- σταυρῷ (stauro, G4716) — Dat Sg M: "to the cross"

Structure: The cheirographon is a debt-document — a written record of obligation standing AGAINST us (kath' hemon) and CONTRARY to us (hupenantion hemin). Christ BLOTTED IT OUT (exaleipsas — same verb used for wiping away sins), TOOK IT AWAY (erken — perfect: permanent), and NAILED IT TO THE CROSS. This is debt-cancellation language, not defilement-purification language — asham territory, not chattat.

Ephesians 1:7-8

ἐν ᾧ ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν διὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ, 
τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν παραπτωμάτων, κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ
[1:8] ἧς ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς ἡμᾶς

Key terms (from Eph 1:7 parsing):
- ἀπολύτρωσιν (apolutrosin, G629) — Acc Sg F: "redemption/release by ransom"
- αἵματος (haimatos, G129) — Gen Sg N: "blood" — the ransom price
- ἄφεσιν (aphesin, G859) — Acc Sg F: "forgiveness/release" — apposition to redemption
- παραπτωμάτων (paraptomaton, G3900) — Gen Pl N: "trespasses/offences"
- πλοῦτος (ploutos, G4149) — Acc Sg N: "riches/wealth" of grace
- χάριτος (charitos, G5485) — Gen Sg F: "of grace"

v.8 continues: "wherein he hath abounded (eperisseusen) toward us" — same perisseuo verb as Rom 5:15; grace doesn't merely cover the debt, it OVERFLOWS (eperisseusen) toward us in all wisdom and prudence.