Greek Parsing — Raw Data¶

Romans 3:24¶

δικαιούμενοι (G1344) — V-PPP-NPM Pres Pass Ptcp Nom Pl M — "being justified" (present passive participle) δωρεάν (G1432) — ADV — "freely" χάριτι (G5485) — N-DSF Dat Sg F — "by grace" (dative of means) ἀπολυτρώσεως (G629) — N-GSF Gen Sg F — "of the redemption" (genitive: through the redemption) Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ (G5547+G2424) — N-DSM — "in Christ Jesus" (dative of sphere)

Romans 3:25¶

προέθετο (G4388) — V-2AMI-3S Aor Mid Ind — "set forth" (God set forth — middle voice) ἱλαστήριον (G2435) — N-ASN Acc Sg N — "propitiation/propitiatory" (accusative predicate) πίστεως (G4102) — N-GSF Gen Sg F — "of faith" (genitive: through faith) αἵματι (G129) — N-DSN Dat Sg N — "in his blood" (dative of means/sphere) δικαιοσύνης (G1343) — N-GSF Gen Sg F — "of his righteousness" πάρεσιν (G3929) — N-ASF Acc Sg F — "the passing over" (hapax legomenon)

Romans 3:26¶

δίκαιον (G1342) — A-ASM Acc Sg M — "just" (predicate adjective — God is just) δικαιοῦντα (G1344) — V-PAP-ASM Pres Act Ptcp Acc Sg M — "the one justifying" (ACTIVE VOICE — God as explicit justifier) πίστεως Ἰησοῦ (G4102+G2424) — "of faith of/in Jesus"

Key observation: Rom 3:26 has dikaion (adj) + dikaiunta (verb ptcp, ACTIVE) — God is simultaneously "just" and "the justifier." The active participle makes God the named agent of justification.

Romans 4:25¶

παρεδόθη (G3860) — V-API-3S Aor Pass Ind — "was delivered" (divine passive) παραπτώματα (G3900) — N-APN Acc Pl N — "offenses/trespasses" ἠγέρθη (G1453) — V-API-3S Aor Pass Ind — "was raised" (divine passive) δικαίωσιν (G1347) — N-ASF Acc Sg F — "justification"

Key observation: Parallel structure — dia ta paraptomata (because of offenses) / dia ten dikaiosin (for/because of justification). Both use dia + accusative = "because of/on account of." The resurrection is FOR our justification — not merely evidential but causally connected.

Romans 5:1¶

Δικαιωθέντες (G1344) — V-APP-NPM Aor Pass Ptcp Nom Pl M — "having been justified" (aorist = completed act) πίστεως (G4102) — N-GSF — "by/from faith" (ek pisteos) εἰρήνην (G1515) — N-ASF Acc Sg F — "peace" ἔχωμεν (G2192) — V-PAS-1P Pres Act Subj — "let us have" (some MSS: echomen, indicative "we have")

Romans 5:9¶

δικαιωθέντες (G1344) — V-APP-NPM Aor Pass Ptcp — "having been justified" αἵματι (G129) — N-DSN Dat Sg N — "by his blood" (en to haimati autou — instrumental dative) σωθησόμεθα (G4982) — V-FPI-1P Fut Pass Ind — "we shall be saved" (future passive) ὀργῆς (G3709) — N-GSF — "from wrath" (apo tes orges)

Key observation: "Justified BY his blood" — the dative en to haimati is instrumental. Blood is the MEANS of justification. This explicitly connects the forensic verdict (dikaioo) with the sacrificial/cultic act (haima).

Romans 5:16¶

κρίμα (G2917) — N-NSN — "judgment" (the neutral verdict) κατάκριμα (G2631) — N-ASN — "condemnation" (eis katakrima — toward condemnation) χάρισμα (G5486) — N-NSN — "free gift" δικαίωμα (G1345) — N-ASN — "justification/righteous decree" (eis dikaioma — toward justification)

Structure: krima ex henos eis katakrima / charisma ek pollon parapatomaton eis dikaioma — judgment FROM one TO condemnation / gift FROM many offenses TO justification. The surplus: judgment handles ONE offense; the gift handles MANY.

Romans 5:18¶

παραπτώματος (G3900) — N-GSN — "of one trespass" κατάκριμα (G2631) — N-ASN — "condemnation" δικαιώματος (G1345) — N-GSN — "of one righteous act" δικαίωσιν ζωῆς (G1347+G2222) — N-ASF + N-GSF — "justification of life"

Key observation: dikaiomatos (genitive of dikaioma) → dikaiōsin zōēs (justification of life). The righteous act (dikaioma) produces justification (dikaiosis) that includes life (zoe). This is more than acquittal — it is acquittal-with-life.

Romans 5:19¶

παρακοῆς (G3876) — N-GSF — "of disobedience" κατεστάθησαν (G2525) — V-API-3P Aor Pass Ind — "were constituted/made" (kathistemi — passive) ἁμαρτωλοί (G268) — A-NPM — "sinners" (predicate adjective) ὑπακοῆς (G5218) — N-GSF — "of obedience" κατασταθήσονται (G2525) — V-FPI-3P Fut Pass Ind — "shall be constituted/made" δίκαιοι (G1342) — A-NPM — "righteous" (predicate adjective)

Key observation: kathistemi (NOT dikaioo or poieo) — "constituted into the category of." The many are not declared righteous (dikaioo) here but constituted/appointed (kathistemi) into the righteous category through representative headship. This is a distinct dimension from forensic declaration.

Romans 8:1-4¶

κατάκριμα (G2631) — N-NSN Nom — "condemnation" (ouden katakrima = NO condemnation) ἠλευθέρωσεν (G1659) — V-AAI-3S Aor Act Ind — "set free" (the law of the Spirit SET FREE) ἁμαρτίας (G266) — N-GSF — "sin" (peri hamartias = "for sin" / "as a sin offering") κατέκρινεν (G2632) — V-AAI-3S Aor Act Ind — "condemned" (GOD condemned SIN — active voice) δικαίωμα (G1345) — N-NSN Nom — "the righteous requirement of the law" πληρωθῇ (G4137) — V-APS-3S Aor Pass Subj — "might be fulfilled" (hina clause — purpose)

Key observation: 8:3 peri hamartias = LXX formula for the sin offering (chattaah). God condemned sin in the flesh through the chattat offering SO THAT (hina) the dikaioma of the law might be fulfilled in us. The chattat (sin offering) framework directly grounds the fulfillment of law's righteous requirement.

Romans 8:33-34¶

ἐγκαλέσει (G1458) — V-FAI-3S Fut Act Ind — "shall lay charge against" (forensic: legal accusation) δικαιῶν (G1344) — V-PAP-NSM Pres Act Ptcp — "the one justifying" (ACTIVE — God as explicit agent) κατακρινῶν (G2632) — V-FAP-NSM Fut Act Ptcp — "the one condemning" (future active) ἀποθανών (G599) — V-2AAP-NSM Aor Act Ptcp — "the one who died" (aorist — completed) ἐγερθείς (G1453) — V-APP-NSM Aor Pass Ptcp — "the one raised" (divine passive) ἐντυγχάνει (G1793) — V-PAI-3S Pres Act Ind — "makes intercession" (PRESENT — ongoing)

Key observation: 8:34 answers "who condemns?" with FOUR grounds: (1) Christ died (aorist — completed), (2) was raised (aorist passive — God raised), (3) is at the right hand of God (present — ongoing position), (4) makes intercession (present — ongoing priestly activity). Death + resurrection + session + intercession = cumulative defense. All four frameworks converge: death (chattat/asham), resurrection (beyond OT framework), exaltation (priestly), intercession (priestly mediation).

Galatians 2:16¶

δικαιοῦται (G1344) — V-PPI-3S Pres Pass Ind — "is justified" (present passive — general principle) ἐπιστεύσαμεν (G4100) — V-AAI-1P Aor Act Ind — "we believed" (aorist — decisive act) δικαιωθῶμεν (G1344) — V-APS-1P Aor Pass Subj — "we might be justified" (purpose clause) δικαιωθήσεται (G1344) — V-FPI-3S Fut Pass Ind — "shall be justified" (future — eschatological)

Key observation: Three dikaioo forms in one verse: present passive (principle), aorist passive subjunctive (purpose), future passive (promise). All passive — God is the unexpressed agent in every case. No sacrificial vocabulary anywhere — purely forensic.

Galatians 3:13-14¶

ἐξηγόρασεν (G1805) — V-AAI-3S Aor Act Ind — "redeemed/bought out" (ACTIVE — Christ as agent) κατάρας (G2671) — N-GSF Gen Sg F — "of the curse" (ek tes kataras tou nomou) γενόμενος (G1096) — V-2ADP-NSM Aor Mid Ptcp — "having become" (became a curse) κατάρα (G2671) — N-NSF Nom Sg F — "a curse" (hyper hemon katara — a curse on our behalf) ἵνα (G2443) — CONJ — "in order that" (FIRST hina clause → blessing) εὐλογία (G2129) — N-NSF — "the blessing" (of Abraham) ἵνα (G2443) — CONJ — "in order that" (SECOND hina clause → Spirit) ἐπαγγελίαν (G1860) — N-ASF — "the promise" (of the Spirit) πίστεως (G4102) — N-GSF — "through faith"

Key observation: Two hina (purpose) clauses follow exegorasen: (1) hina the blessing of Abraham might come, (2) hina we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith. The curse-redemption (exagorazo) has a DOUBLE purpose, and neither purpose clause mentions dikaioo directly. Between 3:13-14 and 3:24 (dikaioo), the argument passes through blessing, promise, Spirit, law-as-pedagogue — then arrives at justification by faith. The chain is: exagorazo → eulogia → epangelia tou Pneumatos → paidagogos → dikaioo.

Galatians 3:24¶

παιδαγωγός (G3807) — N-NSM — "schoolmaster/pedagogue" γέγονεν (G1096) — V-2RAI-3S Perf Act Ind — "has become" (perfect — enduring result) δικαιωθῶμεν (G1344) — V-APS-1P Aor Pass Subj — "we might be justified" (purpose clause)

Titus 3:7¶

δικαιωθέντες (G1344) — V-APP-NPM Aor Pass Ptcp — "having been justified" (divine passive) χάριτι (G5485) — N-DSF Dat — "by his grace" (dative of means) κληρονόμοι (G2818) — N-NPM — "heirs" (result of justification)

1 Corinthians 6:11¶

ἀπελούσασθε (G628) — V-AMI-2P Aor Mid Ind — "you were washed" (middle voice — self-affected) ἡγιάσθητε (G37) — V-API-2P Aor Pass Ind — "you were sanctified" (passive) ἐδικαιώθητε (G1344) — V-API-2P Aor Pass Ind — "you were justified" (passive)

Key observation: The triad washed-sanctified-justified all aorist, all completed acts. Order: washing, sanctification, justification. The triad may suggest justification includes dimensions beyond mere forensic declaration — it sits alongside purification (washed) and consecration (sanctified). However, all three are divine passives — God is the agent of all three.

2 Corinthians 5:21¶

ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν (G266+G4160) — "made him sin" (aorist active — God made Christ sin/sin-offering) δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ (G1343+G2316) — "righteousness of God" (we BECOME God's righteousness) γενώμεθα (G1096) — V-2ADS-1P Aor Mid Subj — "we might become"

Key observation: The exchange formula: He who knew no sin → made sin FOR US / we → become righteousness of God IN HIM. The hina clause parallels the exchange structure of both chattat (sin offering for sin) and curse-bearing (made a curse for us, Gal 3:13).