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Question

When Isaiah identifies the Servant's death as an asham (Isa 53:10), what specific 'debt' is being addressed, what constitutes the 'restitution,' and where does the surplus (the one-fifth principle) appear in the Servant's work?

Topics

DEBT

  • General scriptures concerning: ROM 13:8
  • Security for: EXO 22:25-27; DEU 24:6,10-13; NEH 5:3,4; JOB 22:6; 24:9; PRO 11:15; 22:26; AMO 2:8
  • See also: DEBTOR, CREDITOR, SURETY

DEBTOR

  • Laws concerning: EXO 21:2-6; 22:10-15; LEV 25:14-17,25-41,47-55; NEH 10:31; MAT 5:25,26,40; 18:25
  • Unclassified scriptures: 2KI 4:1-7; NEH 5:3-5; JOB 20:18,19; MAT 18:23-33; LUK 20:9-16
  • See also: CREDITOR, DEBT, SURETY

DAMAGES AND COMPENSATION

  • General scriptures concerning: EXO 21:18,19,22,28-34; LEV 6:1-5; DEU 22:13-19,28,29

Note: LEV 6:1-5 is directly the asham restitution law, establishing the pattern of principal-plus-fifth for interpersonal trespass classified as trespass against YHWH.

RESTORATION

  • Of the Jews: See ISRAELITES
  • Of all things: ACT 3:21; REV 21:1-5

GRACE OF GOD

  • General scriptures concerning: GEN 15:6; 20:6; DEU 7:6-9; 9:4-6; JOB 10:12; 22:2,3; PSA 94:17-19; 138:3; 143:11; DAN 9:18; 10:18,19; JHN 6:44,45; 17:11,12,15; ACT 4:29,30; 26:22; ROM 3:22-24; 4:4,5,16; 5:2,6-8,15-21; 9:10-16; 11:5,6; 1CO 1:4-8; 10:13; 15:10; 2CO 1:12; GAL 1:15,16; EPH 1:5-9,11,12; 2:8,9; 3:16; 4:7; 6:10; PHP 1:19; 2:13; 1TH 1:1; 5:28; 1TI 1:14; 2TI 1:1,9; TIT 3:7; 1PE 1:5; 4:10; 5:10; 2PE 1:2; Jude 1:21,24,25; REV 3:10
  • Growth in: PSA 84:7; PRO 4:18; PHP 1:6,9-11; 3:12-15; COL 1:10,11; 2:19; 1TH 3:10,12,13; 2TH 1:3; HEB 6:1-3; 1PE 2:1-3; 2PE 3:18

Note: ROM 5:15-21 is the key "surplus" passage — grace superabounding beyond the offense.

SIN

Key sub-sections relevant to this study:

Consequences entailed upon children: EXO 20:5; 34:7; LEV 26:39,40; NUM 14:33; JOB 5:4; 18:19; 21:19; PSA 21:10; 37:28; 109:9; PRO 14:11; ISA 14:20-22; 65:7; JER 31:29,30; 32:18; LAM 5:7; ROM 5:12-21

Fruits of sin (what sin takes): GEN 3:7-24; 4:9-14; 6:5-7; DEU 29:18; 1KI 13:33,34; JOB 4:8; 5:2; 13:26; 20:11; PSA 5:10; 9:15,16; 94:23; 141:10; PRO 1:31; 5:22,23; 8:36; 10:24,29-31; 11:5-7,18,19,27; 12:13,14,21; 13:5,6,15; ISA 3:9,11; 9:18; 50:11; 57:20,21; JER 2:17,19; 4:18; 5:25; 7:19; ROM 5:12-21; 7:5; GAL 5:19-21; 6:7,8

Forgiveness of sin: EXO 34:6,7; LEV 4:20,26,31,35; 5:4-13; NUM 14:18,20; 2SA 12:13; ISA 1:18; 43:25,26; 44:21,22; 55:6,7; JER 31:34; MAT 26:28; ACT 2:38; ROM 4:7,8; EPH 4:32; COL 2:13; HEB 9:22; 1JN 1:7,9; REV 1:5

Separates from God: DEU 31:17,18; JOS 7:12; ISA 59:1,2; HOS 9:12; ROM 8:7

RECONCILIATION

  • Between man and man: MAT 5:23-26
  • Between Esau and Jacob: GEN 33:4,11
  • Between Pilate and Herod Antipas: LUK 23:12
  • Between God and man: LEV 8:15; EZK 45:15; DAN 9:24; ROM 5:1,10; 11:15; 2CO 5:18-21; EPH 2:15-18; COL 1:20-22; HEB 2:17
  • See also: ATONEMENT, JESUS MISSION OF, PROPITIATION, REDEMPTION

INTERCESSION

Key sections relevant to this study:

Of man with God (general): GEN 20:7; EXO 28:12,29,30,38; 32:9-14; NUM 6:23-26; 14:11-21; 16:46-50; DEU 5:5; 7:9; 9:18,20,25-29; 1SA 7:5-8; 12:23; JOB 9:32,33; 16:21; 42:8-10; ISA 62:6,7; EZK 22:30; MAT 8:5-13; EPH 6:18; 1TI 2:1,2; HEB 13:18; JAS 5:14-20; 1PE 2:5,9; 1JN 5:16

Intercessional influence of the righteous: GEN 18:26,29,30,32; 19:22; 26:4,5,24; 1KI 11:12,13,34; 15:4; 2KI 8:19; PSA 103:17,18; ISA 37:35; JER 5:1; EZK 14:14,16,18,20; MAT 24:22; ROM 11:27,28; REV 5:8; 8:3,4

Paul for Onesimus (PHM 1:10-21) — Notable as a practical asham-pattern: Paul assumes Onesimus's debt, offers to pay it himself, creating surplus by returning Onesimus as "more than a servant" (Phm 1:16).

SEED

  • Every herb, tree, and grass yields its own: GEN 1:11,12,29
  • Each kind has its own body: 1CO 15:38
  • Not to be mingled in sowing: LEV 19:19; DEU 22:9
  • Parables concerning: MAT 13; LUK 8
  • Illustrative: ECC 11:6; HOS 10:12; 2CO 9:6; GAL 6:7,8
  • Sowing of, type of burial of the body: 1CO 15:36-38

RIGHTEOUSNESS

  • By faith: GEN 15:6; ROM 4:3,5,9,11,13,20,22,24
  • Garment of: JOB 29:14; MAT 22:11-14
  • Counted for the sake of obedience: DEU 6:25; JOB 33:26
  • Fruits of: DEU 6:25; JOS 22:31; PSA 1:3; 15:1-5; 24:3-5; ISA 32:16-18; 55:12,13; 62:1; ROM 5:1-5; 6:19-22; 14:17-19; GAL 5:22,23; EPH 5:9; PHP 1:11

FORGIVENESS

  • Of enemies: EXO 23:4,5; PRO 19:11; 24:17,29; MAT 5:7,39-41,43-48; 6:12,14,15; 18:21-35; LUK 6:27-37; 11:4; 17:3,4; ROM 12:14,17,19-21; EPH 4:32; COL 3:13; PHM 1:10-18
  • Instances: Esau forgives Jacob (GEN 33:4,11); Joseph forgives brothers (GEN 45:5-15; 50:19-21); Jesus forgives enemies (LUK 23:34)
  • Of sins: See SIN, FORGIVENESS OF

SURETY

Referenced from DEBT and DEBTOR entries. The concept of surety — one person assuming another's debt — directly parallels the asham's substitutionary function. Key references would include GEN 43:9; 44:32 (Judah as surety for Benjamin) and PRO 6:1; 11:15; 17:18; 22:26.

ATONEMENT

Referenced from RECONCILIATION, SIN, FORGIVENESS entries. The comprehensive topic linking sacrifice, covering (kaphar), and debt-resolution.