Word Studies¶
From Word Studies Library¶
Core Isaiah 53 Vocabulary — Sin Terms¶
pesha (H6588) — transgression/rebellion¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6588-pesha.md
- 93 verses, from Gen 31:36 through Mic 7:18
- Primary meaning: rebellion, breach of trust, revolt against authority
- In Isa 53: appears at 53:5 (mippeshaeenu "from our rebellions"), 53:8 (mippesha ammi "from the rebellion of my people"), 53:12 (poshim "rebels/transgressors" — Qal participle, 2x)
- Framework association: Addresses the STATUS dimension of sin — active revolt against divine authority
avon (H5771) — iniquity/guilt¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5771-avon.md
- 230 verses across 29 books
- Dual meaning: (1) iniquity/crooked deed, (2) guilt/punishment resulting from iniquity
- In Isa 53: appears at 53:5 (meeavonotheinu "from our iniquities"), 53:6 (avon kullanu "the iniquity of us all"), 53:11 (avonnotham "their iniquities")
- Framework association: Bridges defilement and debt — avon carries both the weight of moral crookedness AND the consequent liability
chattaah (H2403) — sin/sin offering¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2403-chattaah.md
- 296 verses across 25 books
- Dual function: sin (the act/condition) AND sin offering (the remedy)
- In Isa 53: appears at 53:10 (asham "guilt offering" — NOT chattaah; but the KJV "offering for sin" translates asham); 53:12 (chet-rabbim "sin of many")
- The chattat framework vocabulary is present in 53:5 (healing language = chattat result), but the NAMING of the offering in 53:10 uses asham, not chattat
Core Isaiah 53 Vocabulary — Sacrificial Terms¶
asham (H817) — guilt offering¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H817-asham.md
- 46 verses, concentrated in Lev 5-7, 14, 19; Num 5-6; 1 Sam 6; Ezra 10; Isa 53:10
- Distinctive feature: Requires RESTITUTION with 20% surplus (Lev 5:16; 6:5)
- In Isa 53:10: tasim asham nafsho "when you/she shall make his soul a guilt offering"
- The asham is the ONLY sacrificial term Isaiah uses to NAME the Servant's offering
asham verb (H816) — to be guilty/incur guilt¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H816-asham.md
- 35 verses; establishes the guilt-state that requires the asham offering
- Relevant background: the verbal form describes the CONDITION requiring asham remedy
nasa (H5375) — to bear/carry/lift¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5375-nasa.md
- 653 verses across 38 books — one of the most frequent Hebrew verbs
- Three registers of sin-bearing: (1) divine forgiveness — "bearing away" sin, (2) priestly mediation — HP bears avon for acceptance, (3) scapegoat removal — goat carries sin away
- In Isa 53: 53:4 nasa (Qal perf 3ms — "he bore our griefs"), 53:12 nasa (Qal perf 3ms — "he bore the sin of many")
- Priestly register confirmed by Exo 28:38 (Aaron nasa avon) and Lev 10:17 (priests given sin offering to nasa avon of congregation)
paga (H6293) — to encounter/meet/intercede¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6293-paga.md
- 46 verses across 16 books
- DUAL function in Isa 53: (1) 53:6 hipgia (Hiphil perf 3ms — "the LORD caused to fall upon him the avon of us all") = debt-TRANSFER; (2) 53:12 yaphgia (Hiphil impf 3ms — "he makes intercession for the transgressors") = restitution/INTERCESSION
- The same Hiphil verb at two structural poles of the passage: problem (v.6) and resolution (v.12)
nazah (H5137) — to sprinkle (finger-sprinkling)¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5137-nazah.md
- 24 verses, heavily concentrated in Leviticus (14x) and Numbers (4x)
- Exclusively priestly verb: fine sprinkling by dipping finger/hyssop (Lev 4:6, 16:14-15,19)
- In Isa 52:15: yazzeh goyim rabbim — Hiphil impf 3ms "he shall sprinkle many nations"
- Establishes the Servant's PRIESTLY identity from the prologue, before the suffering narrative begins
zaraq (H2236) — to sprinkle (basin-sprinkling/dashing)¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2236-zaraq.md
- 33 verses, 64% Pentateuch; dominant use: dashing sacrificial blood against the altar
- DISTINCT from nazah: zaraq = bulk application from a bowl; nazah = fine sprinkling from the finger
- Relevant to Isa 52:15 debate: Isaiah uses nazah (H5137), the PRIESTLY finger-sprinkling verb, not zaraq
Core Isaiah 53 Vocabulary — Suffering/Result Terms¶
daka (H1792) — to crush/break¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H1792-daka.md
- In Isa 53:5: medukka (Pual ptcp — "crushed/broken" from our iniquities)
- In Isa 53:10: dakkeoh (Piel inf construct — "to crush him"); Piel = intensive active crushing; YHWH as subject
chalal (H2490) — to pierce/profane/begin¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2490-chalal.md
- In Isa 53:5: mecholal (Pual ptcp — "pierced/wounded" from our rebellions)
- Pual = passive intensive — "thoroughly pierced"
- NOTE: chaburah ("stripes/wounds") in 53:5 derives from H2266 chabar, not from H2254 chabal
chalah (H2470) — to be sick/become weak¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2470-chalah.md
- In Isa 53:10: hecheliy (Hiphil perf 3ms — "he [YHWH] caused him to be grieved/sick")
- Hiphil = causative: God actively caused the suffering
rapha (H7495) — to heal¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7495-rapha.md (newly generated)
- 62 verses, 74 tokens across 18 books
- In Isa 53:5: nirpa (Niphal perf 3ms — "we are healed")
- Niphal = passive: healing comes TO us as a result of HIS wounds
- Overwhelmingly a DIVINE prerogative (YHWH collocates 34%)
- LXX: rapha → iaomai (G2390) with 45 co-occurrences (PMI 31.79) — near one-to-one equivalence
- Carries directly into NT: 1 Pet 2:24 iathete (aorist passive of iaomai) quoting Isa 53:5
- The rapha/healing result is CHATTAT-FRAMEWORK vocabulary: defilement/damage → purification → healing/wholeness
shalom (H7965) — peace/wholeness¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7965-shalowm.md (newly generated)
- 206 verses, 248 tokens across 31 books
- In Isa 53:5: musar shelomenu "the chastisement of our peace/wholeness"
- Root H7999 shalam = to be complete, make whole, requite — connects to ASHAM restitution concept
- LXX: shalom → eirene (G1515) with 155 co-occurrences
- Messianic category: Isa 9:6 "Prince of Peace," Isa 53:5 "chastisement of our peace"
- The shalom-result bridges chattat (wholeness restored from damage) and asham (restitution completing what was broken)
saba (H7646) — to be satisfied¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7646-saba.md (newly generated)
- 93 verses across 20 books
- In Isa 53:11: yisba (Qal impf 3ms — "he shall be satisfied")
- ASHAM-SURPLUS vocabulary: the Servant sees the travail of his soul and is SATISFIED — the restitution exceeds the cost
- Wisdom/covenant overtones: Psa 22:26 "The meek shall eat and be satisfied" (messianic psalm)
- LXX: saba → empiplemi (G1705) — primary bridge
cheleq (H2506) — portion/share¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2506-cheleq.md (newly generated)
- 63 verses across 24 books
- In Isa 53:12: achalleq-lo barabbim "I will divide to him a portion among the many/great"
- ASHAM-RESTITUTION vocabulary: the portion divided to the Servant is the REWARD — restitution with surplus
- Connects to the Levitical "no part nor inheritance" formula (Deut 10:9) — the Levites receive God himself as their portion; the Servant receives the nations
- LXX: cheleq → meris (G3310) with 55 co-occurrences
rab (H7227) — many/great¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7227-rab.md (newly generated)
- 443 verses across 35 books
- STRUCTURAL keyword framing the entire Servant Song:
- 52:14 rabbim "many were astonied"
- 52:15 rabbim "many nations"
- 53:11 larabbim "justify many"
- 53:12 barabbim "a portion with the many/great" + rabbim "the sin of many"
- Forms an INCLUSIO: the "many" who are astonied at the marring (52:14) become the "many" who are justified (53:11) and whose sin is borne (53:12)
- LXX: rab → polys (G4183), 317 co-occurrences; NT carries the Isaianic "many" directly: Matt 26:28, Mark 10:45, Heb 9:28, Rom 5:15,19
shiyth (H7896) — to set/place¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7896-shiyth.md (newly generated)
- 80 verses; poetic/archaic counterpart of suwm (H7760)
- In Isa 53:10: tasim asham nafsho — the Hebrew text reads tasim (Qal impf 3fs of suwm/sim H7760), not shiyth; however shiyth appears as a variant reading
- GRAMMATICAL NOTE: the 3fs subject creates ambiguity — who "makes" the soul an asham? (YHWH's soul? the Servant's soul? the Servant's nephesh as feminine subject?)
manah (H4487) — to number/count/appoint¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H4487-manah.md
- In Isa 53:12: nimnah (Niphal perf 3ms — "he was numbered/counted")
- Niphal = passive: the Servant was COUNTED among the transgressors — not that he WAS one
- Potential curse-framework echo: being numbered among those deserving execution (Deut 21:22-23)
Core Isaiah 53 Vocabulary — Righteousness/Purpose Terms¶
tsaddiyq (H6662) — righteous¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6662-tsaddiyq.md
- In Isa 53:11: tsaddiyq avdi "my righteous servant"
- The Servant's personal RIGHTEOUSNESS is the ground on which he can bear others' sin — he is not a sinner being punished for his own crimes
tsadaq (H6663) — to be righteous/justify¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6663-tsadaq.md
- In Isa 53:11: yatsdiq (Hiphil impf 3ms — "he shall cause-to-be-righteous/justify many")
- Hiphil causative: the righteous Servant actively DECLARES/MAKES many righteous
- This is ASHAM result language: restitution that restores the standing of the many
tsalach (H6743) — to prosper/succeed¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6743-tsalach.md
- In Isa 52:13: yaskil (Hiphil of sakal H7919 — "deal prudently/prosper")
- In Isa 53:10: yitslach (Qal impf 3ms — "shall prosper/succeed")
- The passage opens and closes with divine PURPOSE prospering: the Servant deals wisely (52:13) and the LORD's pleasure prospers in his hand (53:10)
chephets (H2656) — delight/pleasure¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2656-cheephets.md
- In Isa 53:10: chephets Yehovah "the pleasure/purpose of YHWH"
- Also 53:10: chaphets (verb) dakkeo "it pleased the LORD to crush him"
- YHWH's purposeful will drives both the suffering AND its successful outcome
Priestly/Sacrificial Framework Vocabulary¶
kaphar (H3722) — to cover/atone¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3722-kaphar.md
- Absent from Isaiah 53 itself — but the FUNCTION of kaphar (making atonement) is performed by the Servant's actions described with OTHER vocabulary
- Lev 16:30 "on that day shall the priest make atonement (kaphar) for you, to cleanse (taher) you"
taher (H2891) — to be clean/purify¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2891-taher.md (existing)
- 94 occurrences, heavily Leviticus (46%)
- Absent from Isaiah 53 — but the RESULT of purification is present through rapha (healing) and shalom (wholeness)
- Lev 16:19,30: the Day of Atonement's PURPOSE is to "cleanse" (taher) the people
- Collocation: kaphar + taher (12x) = "make atonement... and be clean" — sequential formula
salach (H5545) — to forgive¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5545-calach.md
- Exclusively divine prerogative (YHWH-only subject)
- Absent from Isaiah 53 — forgiveness is the chattat-framework RESULT that the passage's vocabulary implies but does not name
Curse Framework Vocabulary¶
arar (H779) — to curse (status-declaration)¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H779-arar.md
- ABSENT from Isaiah 53
qelalah (H7045) — curse condition¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H7045-qlalah.md
- ABSENT from Isaiah 53
alah (H423) — oath-curse¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H423-alah.md
- ABSENT from Isaiah 53
Finding: None of the three technical curse-vocabulary terms appears anywhere in Isaiah 53. The curse framework's presence must be established, if at all, through structural echoes rather than direct vocabulary.
NT Vocabulary¶
anaphero (G399) — to bear up/offer¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G399-anaphero.md
- In Heb 9:28: anenenkein (Aor Act Inf — "to bear up/carry")
- In 1 Pet 2:24: anenenken (Aor Act Ind — "he bore up")
- The LXX translates nasa at Isa 53:12 with anaphero — the EXACT verb Heb 9:28 uses
- Maps specifically to HIGH PRIESTLY function, not scapegoat removal
prosphero (G4374) — to offer/bring to¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4374-prosphero.md
- In Heb 9:28: prosenechtheis (Aor Pass Ptcp — "having been offered")
- Sacrificial offering vocabulary — the Servant is both the one who BEARS (anaphero) and the one who is OFFERED (prosphero)
hupsoo (G5312) — to exalt/lift up¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5312-hupsoo.md
- Phil 2:9 uses hyperupsoo (G5251 — super-exalt, hapax legomenon)
- Parallels Isa 52:13 yarum venissa vegavah meod "exalted, lifted up, very high"
Translation Relationships (cross-testament bridges)¶
TR-nasa-airo.md — nasa→airo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-nasa-airo.md
NASA's sin-bearing function carries into the NT through multiple Greek verbs: anaphero (bear up in sacrifice), bastazo (carry a burden), airo (take away/lift up).
TR-chashab-logizomai.md — imputation¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-chashab-logizomai.md
Relevant to Isa 53:4: chashavnuhu "we reckoned/esteemed him" — the mis-imputation by onlookers. The same chashab→logizomai bridge connects to Rom 4:3-8 and 2 Cor 5:19.
TR-rapha-iaomai.md — healing¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-rapha-iaomai.md (newly generated)
Direct OT→NT chain: Isa 53:5 rapha (Niphal) → LXX iaomai → 1 Pet 2:24 iaomai (aorist passive). The bridge is perfectly stable.
TR-shalowm-eirene.md — peace/wholeness¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-shalowm-eirene.md (newly generated)
NT develops Isa 53:5's "chastisement of our peace" into full atonement theology: Col 1:20 "having made peace through the blood of his cross," Rom 5:1 "we have peace with God."
TR-rab-polys.md — many¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-rab-polys.md (newly generated)
The Isaianic "many" (rabbim) carries directly into NT atonement texts via polys: Matt 26:28 "shed for many," Mark 10:45 "ransom for many," Heb 9:28 "bear the sins of many," Rom 5:15,19.
TR-saba-empiplemi.md — satisfaction¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-saba-empiplemi.md (newly generated)
TR-cheleq-meris.md — portion¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-cheleq-meris.md (newly generated)
TR-shiyth-tithemi.md — set/place¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-shiyth-tithemi.md (newly generated)
TR-tsadaq-dikaioo.md — justify¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-tsadaq-dikaioo.md
Isa 53:11 yatsdiq (Hiphil) → LXX dikaioo → Rom 5:19 "many shall be made righteous"
TR-arar-epikataratos.md — curse¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/TR-arar-epikataratos.md
Gal 3:13 applies Deut 21:23's curse language (epikataratos) to Christ's death — but this is Paul's theological interpretation, not Isaiah 53's own vocabulary.
Word Groups¶
WG-atonement.md¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-atonement.md
Maps the full atonement vocabulary field: kaphar, chattat, asham, nasa, kipper, etc.
WG-guilt-offering.md¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-guilt-offering.md
The asham group: H817 asham (offering), H816 asham (verb), H818 ashem (adjective), H819 ashmah (noun).
WG-intercession.md¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-intercession.md
The paga (H6293) intercession function: Isa 53:12 yaphgia = the ongoing intercession that follows completed sin-bearing.
WG-imputation.md¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-imputation.md
The chashab/logizomai imputation chain relevant to Isa 53:4's mis-reckoning and 53:12's being numbered with transgressors.
WG-healing.md¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-healing.md
NT healing word group connecting rapha→iaomai with therapeuo, katharizo, etc.
WG-cleansing.md¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/WG-cleansing.md
The chattat-framework purification vocabulary.
Fresh Lookups (no library entry)¶
chabal (H2254) — to bind/take in pledge¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H2254-chabal.md (newly generated)
- 23 verses, 37 tokens across 12 books
- Primary sense: take a pledge/surety; figurative: destroy, corrupt; birth-travail
- NOTE on Isa 53:5: The KJV "wounded" uses H2490 chalal (pierce), NOT H2254 chabal. The related noun chaburah (H2250, "bruise/stripe") derives from H2266 chabar ("join/bind"), not from chabal. Despite phonetic similarity, these are distinct roots.
- The PLEDGE/SURETY sense (Exo 22:26; Deu 24:6; Job 22:6) is potentially relevant to the asham-surety concept, but chabal itself does not appear in Isaiah 53.
arab (H6148) — to pledge/guarantee¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H6148-arab.md (newly generated)
- 23 verses across 11 books; Proverbs dominates (39%)
- Primary sense: become surety/guarantor for another (Gen 43:9 — Judah for Benjamin)
- The surety concept connects to the Servant's role: taking another's obligation upon oneself
- Does NOT appear in Isaiah 53, but the CONCEPT of becoming surety for the guilty is the asham framework's logic
H818 ashem — guilty (adjective)¶
No library entry. Not directly used in Isaiah 53.
H819 ashmah — guiltiness/fault¶
No library entry. Not directly used in Isaiah 53.
Hebrew Parsing Summary for Isaiah 52:13-53:12¶
See raw-data/hebrew-parsing.md for complete output. Key grammatical observations:
Verb Tense Distribution¶
- 52:13: Hiphil impf (yaskil), Qal impf (yarum), Niphal perf (nissa), Qal perf (gavah) — mixing perfective and imperfective to present the exaltation as both certain and ongoing
- 53:4-6 (sin-bearing core): Predominantly PERFECT (completed): nasa (perf), saval (perf), chashavnuhu (perf), mecholal (Pual ptcp), medukka (Pual ptcp), hipgia (Hiphil perf)
- 53:10-12 (results): Predominantly IMPERFECT (ongoing/future): yireh (impf), yaarikh (impf), yitslach (impf), yireh (impf), yisba (impf), yatsdiq (Hiphil impf), yisbol (impf), yaphgia (Hiphil impf)
- Key finding for Bohr's claim: The verb tense shift from perfect (completed action, vv.4-9) to imperfect (ongoing/future results, vv.10-12) confirms a structural distinction between the SACRIFICIAL ACT and its ONGOING APPLICATION/RESULTS.
Key Morphological Observations¶
- 52:15 yazzeh: Hiphil impf 3ms of nazah — priestly sprinkling verb
- 53:5 mecholal: Pual ptcp of chalal — intensive passive "thoroughly pierced"
- 53:5 medukka: Pual ptcp of daka — intensive passive "thoroughly crushed"
- 53:5 nirpa: Niphal perf 3ms of rapha — passive "was healed" (for us)
- 53:6 hipgia: Hiphil perf 3ms of paga — causative "caused to fall upon"
- 53:10 tasim: Qal impf 3fs of sim — feminine subject creates grammatical ambiguity
- 53:10 asham: Noun ms — guilt offering (NOT verb)
- 53:12 nimnah: Niphal perf 3ms of manah — passive "was numbered"
- 53:12 nasa: Qal perf 3ms of nasa — "he bore" (completed priestly sin-bearing)
- 53:12 yaphgia: Hiphil impf 3ms of paga — "he makes intercession" (ongoing)
- Signature pattern: nasa (perf) + yaphgia (impf) = completed sin-bearing PAIRED WITH ongoing intercession = priestly sin-bearing's defining tense signature
Greek Parsing Summary¶
1 Peter 2:24¶
- anenenken (G399 anaphero, Aor Act Ind 3s) — "he bore up" our sins
- epi to xylon (upon the tree/wood) — echo of Deut 21:22-23's hanging on a tree
- iathete (G2390 iaomai, Aor Pass Ind 2p) — "you were healed" by his stripe (molopi, dat sg)
- apogenomenoi (G581, Aor Mid Ptcp) — "having died to" sins
- dikaisyne (G1343, dat sg) — "unto righteousness"
- CONVERGENCE: priestly sin-bearing (anaphero) + chattat healing (iaomai) + curse echo (xylon) + righteousness result (dikaisyne) — all four frameworks visible in a single verse
Hebrews 9:28¶
- prosenechtheis (G4374 prosphero, Aor Pass Ptcp) — "having been offered" (sacrificial)
- anenenkein (G399 anaphero, Aor Act Inf) — "to bear" the sins of many
- pollon (G4183, Gen Pl M) — "of many" = LXX rabbim from Isa 53:12
- choris hamartias (G5565 + G266) — "without sin" = sinlessness of the Servant (Isa 53:9)
- opthesetai (G3708, Fut Pass Ind 3s) — "shall appear" a second time
- soterian (G4991) — "unto salvation"
Philippians 2:6-11¶
- ekenosen (G2758 kenoo, Aor Act Ind 3s) — "emptied himself" — parallels Isa 53:12 heerah "poured out his soul"
- morphen doulou (G3444 + G1401) — "form of a servant" — echoes Isa 52:13 avdi "my servant"
- etapeinosen (G5013 tapeinoo, Aor Act Ind 3s) — "humbled himself" — parallels Isa 53:7 naaneh "afflicted"
- hypekoos mechri thanatou (G5255 + G3360 + G2288) — "obedient unto death" — parallels Isa 53:12 "poured out his soul unto death"
- thanatou de staurou — "even the death of the cross" — curse-framework echo (Deut 21:22-23, Gal 3:13)
- hyperupsosen (G5251, Aor Act Ind 3s) — "super-exalted" — parallels Isa 52:13 yarum venissa vegavah meod