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Cross-Testament Parallels

  • Psa 37:20 → Matt 7:13 (ot, Destruction vocabulary continuity: kalah/abad (OT) → apoleia (NT). Both describe the wicked's fate as cessation/destruction contrasted with preservation/life.)
  • Matt 10:28 → Luk 12:4-5 (nt, Synoptic parallel: Luke's version of the 'fear him who can destroy' saying. Same apollymi vocabulary, same body/soul/gehenna framework.)
  • Matt 10:28 → Eze 18:4 (nt, The soul that sins shall die (Eze 18:4) → God can destroy soul and body in gehenna (Matt 10:28). Both affirm the soul is destructible.)
  • John 3:16 → Rom 6:23 (nt, Multi-author perish-vs-life pattern: perish/eternal life (John) = death/eternal life (Paul). Different vocabulary, same binary structure.)
  • John 3:16 → Matt 7:13 (nt, Multi-author destruction-vs-life pattern: perish/eternal life (John) = destruction/life (Matthew). Three authors, same binary.)
  • 2 Thess 1:9 → Heb 9:12 (nt, aionios + result-noun pattern: eternal redemption (Heb 9:12) establishes that aionios modifies the permanence of RESULT, governing interpretation of olethros aionios (2 Thess 1:9).)
  • 2 Thess 1:9 → Rom 9:22 (nt, Hybrid parallel (0.413): both describe destruction as the divinely ordained end of the wicked. 'Vessels fitted for destruction' (Rom) = 'punished with everlasting destruction' (2 Thess).)
  • Jude 1:7 → 2 Pet 2:6 (nt, Hybrid parallel (0.471): Sodom 'suffering eternal fire' (Jude) = Sodom 'turned to ashes as example' (2 Peter). Combined: eternal fire → ashes. The paradigm case.)
  • Rev 20:9 → Luk 17:29 (nt, Hybrid parallel (0.415): fire devours at final judgment (Rev 20:9) echoes fire destroying Sodom (Luk 17:29). Both use consumption language.)
  • Rev 20:9 → Mal 4:1-3 (nt, Cross-testament: fire devours the wicked (Rev 20:9) = fire burns up the wicked as stubble, leaving ashes (Mal 4:1-3). Both depict fire consuming its objects completely.)
  • Isa 66:24 → Mark 9:43-48 (ot, Direct quotation: Jesus quotes Isa 66:24 in Mark 9:43-48. Source text describes CORPSES (peger), not living beings. The worm feeds on dead bodies.)
  • Luke 15:4-6 → Matt 10:28 (nt, Same word (apollymi) in different semantic categories: 'lost' (recoverable, Luke 15) vs. 'destroy' (permanent, Matt 10:28). Context determines meaning.)
  • Gen 6:11-13 → 2 Pet 2:5-6 (ot, Flood and Sodom as paradigms for eschatological destruction. Peter uses both as 'examples' (2 Pet 2:6) of what will happen to the ungodly.)
  • Psa 145:20 → John 3:16 (ot, Preserve/destroy contrast maps to not-perish/perish contrast. OT: shamar (preserve) vs. shamad (destroy). NT: apollymi negated (not perish) vs. apollymi (perish). Same binary across testaments.)
  • Isa 34:10 → Rev 14:11 (ot, OT source for Rev 14:11 'smoke ascending' language. Edom's smoke 'goes up for ever' (Isa 34:10) — but Edom's fire is long extinguished. This governs interpretation of Rev 14:11.)