Word Studies — The Man of Sin (2 Thess 2:3-12)¶

All content below is drawn from the canonical word-studies and grammar-reference libraries. Each section identifies the library file so downstream analysis can verify.

A. The Five Titles of the Figure¶

A single referent bears five distinct designations across vv.3, 4, 8, 9. Cross-linked by anaphoric articles and a relative pronoun. See passage analysis at $GRAMMAR_REF/passages/2thess-2-1-12.md.

#	Greek	Verse	Parsing	Lexemes	Semantic register	Candidate referent direction
1	ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας	2:3	T-NSM + N-NSM + T-GSF + N-GSF	G444 anthrōpos + G458 anomia (N1904) or G266 hamartia (TR/KJV)	"the human characterized by lawlessness (or sin)" — attributive genitive of quality	Human-category figure defined by anomia; ambiguous individual/class/succession per anthrōpos-individual-vs-type grammar
2	ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας	2:3	T-NSM + N-NSM + T-GSF + N-GSF	G5207 huios + G684 apōleia	"the son of perdition/destruction" — Semitic destiny-genitive	Paralleled only at Jn 17:12 (Judas) and chains to Rev 17:8, 11 (beast) via ἀπώλεια
3	ὁ ἀντικείμενος καὶ ὑπεραιρόμενος	2:4	T-NSM + V-PNP-NSM + Conj + V-PPP-NSM	G480 antikeimai (mid/pass dep) + G5229 hyperairō (middle)	"the one opposing and exalting himself" — paired middle participles	Active self-positioning against God/sebasma; reflexive-self register
4	ὁ ἄνομος	2:8	T-NSM + A-NSM substantival	G459 anomos	"the lawless one" — substantival adjective	Cognate shift: v.3 noun anomia → v.8 adjective anomos; morphologically explicit "same figure"
5	οὗ … ἡ παρουσία	2:9	R-GSM + T-NSF + N-NSF	G3739 hos + G3952 parousia	"of-whom … the coming/advent"	Circumlocution using the same παρουσία word as Christ's; deliberate typological mirror

Sources: $WORD_STUDIES/G444-anthropos.md, G458-anomia.md, G266-hamartia.md, G684-apoleia.md, G5207-huios.md, G480-antikeimai.md, G5229-hyperairo.md, G459-anomos.md, G3952-parousia.md.

B. Lawlessness Vocabulary Cluster (G458 / G459 / G266)¶

G458 ἀνομία (anomia) — 15 tokens / 13 verses; 7 books¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G458-anomia.md

Etymology: α- (privative) + νόμος (law) — literally "not-law."
Louw-Nida 88.18 "Act Lawlessly."
KJV distribution: "iniquity" 7x (53.8%); "iniquities" 3x (23.1%); "transgression of the law" 1x (7.7%).
Distribution by book: Matthew (4), Hebrews (3), Romans (2), 2 Thess (1, v.7 + variant v.3), Titus (1), 2 Cor (1), 1 Jn (1).
Pauline/eschatological uses: Titus 2:14 "redeem us from all iniquity"; 2 Thess 2:3 (variant), 2:7 τὸ μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας.
1 Jn 3:4 — the definitional equation: "sin is the transgression of the law" (ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐστὶν ἡ ἀνομία). Only NT text explicitly equating G266 and G458.
Matt 24:12 — "iniquity shall abound" (πληθυνθῆναι τὴν ἀνομίαν) — eschatological intensification matching 2 Thess 2:7.
Hebrew source (LXX): primarily עָוֺן H5771 (70 co-occurrences, PMI 22.69) and פֶּשַׁע H6588 (29, PMI 17.93).

G459 ἄνομος (anomos) — 10 tokens / 7 verses; 7 books¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G459-anomos.md

Adjective; compound α- + νόμος.
Louw-Nida 88.18 (also 11.002 for Gentile sense).
Semantic range: (a) Gentile/outside-Torah (neutral — 1 Cor 9:21); (b) morally lawless/wicked (1 Tim 1:9); (c) substantival "the lawless one" (2 Thess 2:8 — THE only articular-singular substantival use in NT).
Morphological distribution: 6 plural "transgressors / lawless men"; 2 Cor-one-4× "without law"; 2 Pet 2:8 attribute "unlawful deeds"; 2 Thess 2:8 sole articular-singular-substantival.
Hebrew source (LXX): רָשָׁע rasha H7563 (28 co-occurrences, PMI 4.77), פָּשַׁע pasha H6586 (Isa 53:12 citation at Mark 15:28 / Lk 22:37).
KJV 2 Thess 2:8 rendering: "that Wicked" (capitalized) — reflects articular-titular force.

G266 ἁμαρτία (hamartia) — ~173 tokens¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G266-hamartia.md

Feminine noun from ἁμαρτάνω G264 ("to miss the mark").
Louw-Nida 88.289 — Sin, Wrongdoing, Guilt.
KJV: "sin/sins/of sin" — 100% cluster.
Densest books: 1 John (17), Romans (48), Hebrews (24).
The Byzantine/TR reading at 2 Thess 2:3 (τῆς ἁμαρτίας) vs. the Alexandrian (τῆς ἀνομίας) — see the textual-variant grammar entry.

G460 ἀνόμως (anomōs) — adverbial, Rom 2:12 only¶

Covered implicitly under G459.

Summary — The anomia/anomos/hamartia cluster in 2 Thess 2¶

Verse	Form	Gloss	Referent
2:3 (N1904)	τῆς ἀνομίας G458	"of lawlessness"	descriptive genitive of the anthrōpos
2:3 (TR/KJV)	τῆς ἁμαρτίας G266	"of sin"	descriptive genitive of the anthrōpos
2:7	τῆς ἀνομίας G458	"of the lawlessness"	descriptive genitive of τὸ μυστήριον
2:8	ὁ ἄνομος G459	"the lawless one"	substantival adjective — the same figure

Observation: Whether one reads the variant at v.3 as ἀνομίας or ἁμαρτίας, the final title at v.8 (ὁ ἄνομος G459) is UN-varying. The anomia-word-family dominates the pericope whether or not the v.3 variant is adopted.

C. Restrainer Vocabulary (G2722 katechō) — CRITICAL¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G2722-katecho.md

18 NT tokens / 18 verses / 10 books; heavily Pauline (11 of 18).
Compound κατά + ἔχω.
Louw-Nida 037.001 (restrain), 057 (possess), 031.006 (hold a view), 085 (occupy a place), 054 (maritime).
Lexical versatility: "keep / hold fast / possess / hold back / detain / occupy / head toward."
2 Thess 2 occurrences BOTH ONE-OFF and are the ONLY articular-substantival-participle uses in the NT.

The 2 Thess 2:6-7 Gender Shift¶

Verse	Greek	Article	Parsing	KJV
2:6	τὸ κατέχον	τό (NEUTER)	V-PAP-ASN	"what withholdeth"
2:7	ὁ κατέχων	ὁ (MASCULINE)	V-PAP-NSM	"he who now letteth"

Same verb, same tense, same voice, same mood — only gender + case change.
Lexical force in both: detainment / hindrance — the restrainer holds back the revelation of the lawless one, not his truth.

Restrainer Candidate Catalogue¶

From grammar-reference $GRAMMAR_REF/greek/concord-shift-neuter-to-masculine.md (context-neutral):

#	Proposed Referent	Neuter v.6 encodes	Masculine v.7 encodes
1	Holy Spirit	πνεῦμα (neuter)	Spirit as Person (cf. John 14:26; 16:13 where neuter τὸ πνεῦμα governs masculine ἐκεῖνος)
2	Roman Empire / Roman Emperor	imperium / the state (neuter)	The Emperor (masculine)
3	Angelic restrainer (Michael)	angelic restraining office (neuter)	Michael as personal prince (Dan 10:13, 21; 12:1)
4	Gospel preaching / the preacher	τὸ εὐαγγέλιον / τὸ κήρυγμα (neuter)	the preacher (Paul, Christ, or herald)
5	God's sovereign restraint / God as Person	divine restraining purpose (neuter)	God as personal Restrainer (masculine)
6	Self-restraint of the man of lawlessness	stative condition of being held back (neuter)	the man himself, held back until his ἀποκάλυψις (masculine)

What the grammar alone does NOT decide: which entity is the restrainer; whether two referents or one referent in two aspects. Grammar alone is underdetermined — context must decide.

Stage	Greek	Verse	Parsing	Temporal marker	Event
1. Already-in-operation	τὸ γὰρ μυστήριον ἤδη ἐνεργεῖται τῆς ἀνομίας	2:7	V-PMI-3S (G1754)	ἤδη "already"	Lawlessness-mystery presently at work
2. Removal of restrainer	ἕως ἐκ μέσου γένηται	2:7	V-2ADS-3S (G1096)	ἕως "until"	ὁ κατέχων removed from midst
3. Revelation of lawless one	καὶ τότε ἀποκαλυφθήσεται ὁ ἄνομος	2:8	V-FPI-3S (G601)	καὶ τότε "and then"	Fut. pass. — lawless one unveiled
4a. Destruction (consume)	ὃν ὁ Κύριος ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ	2:8	V-2FAI-3S (G337)	simultaneous/culminating	By the breath of his mouth (Isa 11:4)
4b. Destruction (render inoperative)	καὶ καταργήσει τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ	2:8	V-FAI-3S (G2673)	simultaneous	By the brightness of his coming

Inclusio of ἀποκαλύπτω G601 across three grammatical stances: - v.3 — Aor. Pass. Subj. (ἀποκαλυφθῇ) — irrealis, within ἐὰν-μή conditional. - v.6 — Aor. Pass. Inf. (ἀποκαλυφθῆναι) — purpose/result. - v.8 — Fut. Pass. Ind. (ἀποκαλυφθήσεται) — realis prediction. All three have the lawless one as subject. Progression: contingent → purposed → predicted. See $WORD_STUDIES/G601-apokalypto.md.

E. Divine Passive Chain¶

All three ἀποκαλύπτω forms above are passive without expressed agent — candidate divine passives. See $GRAMMAR_REF/greek/divine-passive.md. God is the implicit unveiler, paralleling Christ's own ἀποκάλυψις in 2 Thess 1:7 (ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ).

The ἐδόθη (it-was-given) chain in Rev 13:5, 7 operates on the same principle — Rev 13 gives the beast authority by passive, God being the implicit permitter. Daniel's y-hiv (Aramaic passive "was given"; Dan 7:25 y-hiv-vūn "they shall be given into his hand") continues the same divine-permission register. The system across these three passages consistently marks God as the sovereign allower of temporary evil-power.

F. Apostasia + Article + Precondition (G646)¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G646-apostasia.md

2 NT tokens: Acts 21:21 (anarthrous accusative — "apostasy from Moses") and 2 Thess 2:3 (articular nominative — ἡ ἀποστασία).
Louw-Nida 39.34 — Rebellion (NOT "departure" in the mild sense; lexicographically in the insurrection cluster).
LXX: used for Hebrew מַעַל ma'al (covenantal treachery; primary), מְשׁוּבָה (backsliding), מֶרֶד (rebellion).
1 Macc 2:15 — τὴν ἀποστασίαν of the Antiochene persecution: specific, named, historically-climactic covenant-breaking — the ONE Second Temple parallel to articular ἡ ἀποστασία.
Verbal cognate G868 ἀφίστημι at 1 Tim 4:1 ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως — defines the apostasia's content as departure from faith (seducing spirits, doctrines of devils, forbidding marriage, abstaining from meats).

The article ἡ in 2 Thess 2:3: The article is grammatically significant but does not itself decide whether the referent is (a) a specific future climactic apostasy; (b) a specific apostasy Paul's readers knew from prior teaching; or (c) the generic/abstract category. Anaphoric possibility is specifically enabled by 2 Thess 2:5 — "Remember ye not, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these things?" — indicating prior oral teaching now not recoverable.

Precondition logic: ἐὰν μή + aor.subj. … πρῶτον — "unless come first." Temporal ordering: apostasia PRECEDES the revelation of the man of sin. A still-future apostasia reading; a present-operative apostasia reading; and a past-historical apostasia reading all cohere with the grammar.

G. Pauline naos Usage Table — Decides Literal vs. Figurative¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G3485-naos.md

Reference	Phrase	Referent	Explicit indwelling
1 Cor 3:16	`ναὸς Θεοῦ ἐστε`	believers collectively	Spirit of God dwelleth in you
1 Cor 3:17	`τὸν ναὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ ... ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἅγιός ἐστιν`	believers collectively	"which [temple] ye are"
1 Cor 6:19	`ναὸς τοῦ ἐν ὑμῖν Ἁγίου Πνεύματος`	individual body	Holy Spirit in you
2 Cor 6:16	`ἡμεῖς ... ναὸς Θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος`	believers collectively	"I will dwell in them"
Eph 2:21	`εἰς ναὸν ἅγιον ἐν Κυρίῳ`	growing apostolic-prophetic-founded community	"habitation of God through the Spirit" (2:22)
2 Thess 2:4	`εἰς τὸν ναὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ`	DISPUTED	— (no explicit indwelling specified)

Paul's own pattern (4 of 5 tokens): The ναός / οἰκ- / dwelling-metaphor cluster consistently applies to the believing community. The ONLY Pauline use whose referent is debated is 2 Thess 2:4.

Principle of Pauline consistency (Scripture-interprets-Scripture within author): author's own pattern is strongest intra-corpus evidence. FOUR data points vs. ONE disputed.

Steelman for literal reading (contextually available): - 2 Thess 51 AD — Herodian temple standing. - Caligula AD 40 statue-crisis in living memory of Paul's readers. - Matt 24:15 future-looking abomination prediction still lived within prophetic horizon. - Rev 11:1-2 naos is measured apocalyptically (splits inner naos from outer court at 42 months).

Related non-Pauline naos data: - Jn 2:19-21 — Christ's body IS naos (figurative use is christologically grounded). - 1 Pet 2:4-5 — "spiritual house" (οἶκος πνευματικός) living-stones — parallel building-metaphor though not naos. - Acts 7:47-50 — "God dwelleth not in houses made with hands" (Stephen, directly bearing on a literal-location reading). - Rev 21:22 — no naos in the eschatological city; God and Lamb ARE the naos.

H. Son-of-X Semitic Idiom (G5207 huios)¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G5207-huios.md + $WORD_STUDIES/TR-ben-huios.md + $GRAMMAR_REF/greek/son-of-X-semitic-idiom.md

ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας in NT occurs ONLY at Jn 17:12 (Judas) and 2 Thess 2:3.
Semitic "son of X" — Hebrew ben-X construct — denotes characterization and/or destiny (not biological descent).
Parallels: υἱοὶ τῆς ἀπειθείας "sons of disobedience" (Eph 2:2, 5:6); υἱοὶ φωτός "sons of light" (1 Thess 5:5); τέκνα ὀργῆς "children of wrath" (Eph 2:3).
With definite article + genitive = destiny/quasi-title construction.
Routes into the Rev 17:8, 11 ὑπάγει εἰς ἀπώλειαν chain via the shared lexeme G684 (ἀπώλεια).

Judas parallel register (Jn 17:12): - Insider who fell away; the only member of the twelve who was "lost." - Destruction pre-determined in scripture (Ps 41:9 echo). - 2 Thess 2:3 man of sin therefore inherits a betrayer-from-within paradigm.

I. ἐνέργεια Subjective Genitive (G1753 / G1754)¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G1753-energeia.md, G1754-energeo.md; $GRAMMAR_REF/greek/energeia-subjective-genitive.md.

G1753 ἐνέργεια — 8 NT tokens, all Pauline.
G1754 ἐνεργέω — 22 tokens, 12 books; voice theologically significant (active for personal agents; middle for impersonal forces).
In every case the genitive identifies the SOURCE/AGENT of working, not the object.

Three ἐνέργεια subjects in 2 Thess 2: - v.7 τὸ μυστήριον ἤδη ἐνεργεῖται τῆς ἀνομίας — middle voice; the mystery is self-energizing. - v.9 κατ' ἐνέργειαν τοῦ Σατανᾶ — subjective genitive: Satan is agent. - v.11 πέμπει αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς ἐνέργειαν πλάνης — God the subject who sends; πλάνης is attributive (kind of working).

The ἐνεργ- root thus moves across THREE agents (mystery, Satan, God) — the judicial-passive register God exhibits when releasing delusion upon those who rejected the love of truth.

J. Paired Middle Participles (antikeimai + hyperairō)¶

Source: $GRAMMAR_REF/greek/paired-middle-participles.md + G480-antikeimai.md + G5229-hyperairō.md

ὁ ἀντικείμενος καὶ ὑπεραιρόμενος in 2 Thess 2:4 — TWO present middle/passive participles coordinated by καί under one article (ὁ).
G480 antikeimai: 8 NT tokens; deponent middle/passive; 6 of 8 forms are participles used substantivally; 2 Thess 2:4 is the ONLY singular-masculine articular-substantival form in the NT.
G5229 hyperairō: 3 NT tokens, 2 verses — 2 Cor 12:7 (×2, of Paul himself — pride danger) and 2 Thess 2:4.
Paired middle register intensifies the self-focused character: "setting-oneself-in-opposition + raising-oneself-above."
Preposition ἐπί + acc. marks WHAT the figure raises himself over: πάντα λεγόμενον Θεὸν ἢ σέβασμα ("every so-called god or object-of-worship").

K. Reflexive + ὅτι Display (G584 apodeiknymi)¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G584-apodeiknymi.md + $GRAMMAR_REF/greek/reflexive-hoti-display.md

G584 apodeiknymi — only 4 NT tokens, all different tense/voice/mood.
Acts 2:22 — perfect passive participle "having been demonstrated / accredited" (of Christ, by God's miracles).
2 Thess 2:4 — present active participle "displaying" (of the lawless one, by his own self-display).
Direct counter-mirror: Acts 2:22 — God publicly accredits Jesus as Lord/Christ by signs; 2 Thess 2:4 — the man of sin displays himself as God by his own claim. Same verb, opposite direction of agency.
ἀποδεικνύντα ἑαυτὸν ὅτι ἔστιν Θεός — the ὅτι-clause is the content of the display speech-act: the figure "shows himself [to be such] that he is God."
Textual variant: TR adds ὡς Θεόν ("as God") before καθίσαι, making the claim more explicit. KJV preserves.

L. Deception Cluster (G4106 planē, G4105 planaō, G539 apatē)¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G4106-plane.md + G4105-planao.md

G4106 πλάνη — 10 NT tokens; feminine noun of πλάνος G4108 ("roving, deceiver").
Louw-Nida 31.002 "Hold a Wrong View" + 88.035 "Licentiousness, Perversion" — dual domain bridges cognitive error and moral corruption.
Direct antonym with ἀλήθεια (truth) — cf. 1 Jn 4:6 πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας / πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης.
Used in 2 Thess 2:11 ἐνέργειαν πλάνης — working-of-delusion.

G4105 πλανάω (verb) in Matt 24 parallel: Matt 24:4-5, 11, 24 μή τις ὑμᾶς πλανήσῃ; "false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many"; "shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect." Lexical bridge between Olivet-deception and 2 Thess 2:9-11.

M. Signs + Wonders (G4592 sēmeion + G5059 teras)¶

Source: G4592-semeion.md + G5059-teras.md

G4592 σημεῖον — 77 tokens/69 verses/11 books. Louw-Nida 33.056 Non-Verbal Communication — a signifier / pointer, not a raw power-display.
G5059 τέρας — 16 tokens; always plural in NT; always paired with σημεῖα; Louw-Nida 33.477; KJV uniformly "wonders."
Standard NT doublet σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα (cf. Acts 2:22 of Christ; Deut 13:1-3 of false prophets; Matt 24:24).
2 Thess 2:9 inverts with ψεύδους attributive: "lying signs and wonders."
Direct parallel: Rev 13:13-14 second beast's σημεῖα μεγάλα — the false-prophet role.

N. Destruction Verbs (G337 anaireō + G2673 katargeō)¶

Source: G337-anaireo.md + $WORD_STUDIES/G2673-katargeo.md

G337 ἀναιρέω¶

24 tokens / 23 verses / 5 books. 79% in Acts (Lukan narrative verb for killing). 83% KJV "kill/slay/put to death."
Acts: Herod slaying Bethlehem children; plots to kill Christ; Paul persecution-era killings; executions.
Heb 10:9 — rare "abolish/take away" sense.
Acts 7:21 — rare "take up/adopt" sense (Pharaoh's daughter taking up Moses).
2 Thess 2:8 — the lone Pauline use; future active indicative; object = ὁ ἄνομος.

G2673 καταργέω¶

Pauline eschatological abolition verb; "render inoperative / nullify / destroy."
Used of death being abolished (1 Cor 15:26), the law's condemning function abolished (Rom 7:2), every rule and authority abolished at the end (1 Cor 15:24).
2 Thess 2:8 — future active; complement to ἀνελεῖ.

Doublet 2 Thess 2:8 destruction pattern: - ἀνελεῖ (remove-by-killing) + καταργήσει (render-inoperative): semantic redundancy emphasizes total elimination. - Two dative-of-means phrases: τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ (Isa 11:4 echo) + τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ (Christological climax). - The TR variant ἀναλώσει (G355 analiskō "consume, use up") is a lexical synonym; no voice/tense/mood change.

O. Parousia + Epiphaneia (G3952 + G2015)¶

Source: G3952-parousia.md + G2015-epiphaneia.md

G3952 παρουσία — "presence, arrival, coming." Used OF CHRIST in 2 Thess 2:1, 8; 1 Cor 15:23; Matt 24:3; etc. Used OF THE LAWLESS ONE in 2 Thess 2:9. This lexical collision is deliberate — the figure's coming is the counter-mirror of Christ's.
G2015 ἐπιφάνεια — "visible manifestation / appearing." Six NT tokens, all Pauline Pastorals + 2 Thess. Refers to Christ's appearings (1 Tim 6:14; 2 Tim 1:10; 4:1, 8; Tit 2:13; 2 Thess 2:8).
Doublet τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ τῆς παρουσίας — uniquely here. Compounds the visible-manifestation noun with the advent-noun. It is the radiance-of-the-coming that destroys. Genitive of source (ἐπιφάνεια belongs to / emerges from / is-of the παρουσία).

P. mysterion (G3466) — mystery of iniquity vs. mystery of godliness¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G3466-mysterion.md

27 NT verses; heavily Pauline prison epistles (Col 4, Eph 6); 2 Thess 1; 1 Tim 2; Rev 4.
Louw-Nida 28.005 — Not Able To Be Known, Secret.
Antithesis: 1 Tim 3:16 τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον vs. 2 Thess 2:7 τὸ μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας. Paul's "mystery" register has two opposite poles: the mystery of godliness (Christ in the flesh) vs. the mystery of iniquity. Both are μυστήριον + attributive genitive.
Rev 17:5 ΜΥΣΤΗΡΙΟΝ, ΒΑΒΥΛΩΝ Η ΜΕΓΑΛΗ — same word, title-inscription of the harlot-system. Lexical bridge.

Q. sebasma (G4574) — only 2 NT tokens¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G4574-sebasma.md

Acts 17:23 (plural σεβάσματα — Athenian shrines and altars) + 2 Thess 2:4 (singular σέβασμα — generic object of worship).
Louw-Nida 53.007 — Worship, Reverence.
Cognate with σέβομαι (G4576) "to revere, worship."
In 2 Thess 2:4 the sg. σέβασμα with παντα is generic: "anything worshipped." Therefore NOT restricted to pagan idols but includes any object of religious veneration — the figure exalts himself above all of them.

R. G868 aphistēmi (depart) — the verb cognate of apostasia¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G868-aphistemi.md

15 NT verses / 6 books. Luke-Acts = 10 of 15 (67%); Pauline Pastorals + 2 Cor = 4 of 15 (27%).
Louw-Nida 039.007 "Rebellion" — same domain as ἀποστασία G646. Cognate forms.
1 Tim 4:1 ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως — "some shall depart from the faith." The only Pauline verbal cognate of 2 Thess 2:3 ἀποστασία, and the lexical anchor for specifying what the 2 Thess 2:3 apostasia looks like (doctrines of devils, forbidding marriage, abstaining from meats).
Heb 3:12 "departing from the living God."
Luke 8:13 "in time of temptation fall away."
Acts 5:37 — Judas the Galilean causing people to revolt (ἀπέστησε λαὸν) — active/transitive sense.

S. G500 antichristos (John's vocabulary — Paul does NOT use)¶

Source: $WORD_STUDIES/G500-antichristos.md

5 NT tokens in 4 verses — all Johannine (1 John 2:18a,b, 2:22; 4:3; 2 John 7).
Compound ἀντί (against/instead of) + Χριστός — dual force of opposition and substitution.
Paul never uses G500. John never uses G459 ἄνομος or the phrase ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας.
Johannine diagnostic marker of antichristos: (a) denial that Jesus is the Christ; (b) denial of the Father-and-Son; (c) denial that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh.
Distribution: singular ὁ ἀντίχριστος (1 Jn 2:18a — "shall come"; 2:22; 2 Jn 7 — a specific figure/spirit); plural ἀντίχριστοι (1 Jn 2:18b — "now many antichrists"); genitive ἀντιχρίστου (1 Jn 4:3 — "that [spirit] of antichrist").
The lexical bridge Paul-John is inferred, not lexical; any identification of Paul's ὁ ἄνομος with John's ὁ ἀντίχριστος rests on thematic/structural parallel (already-now-operative; eschatological; anti-Christ-register), not on vocabulary overlap.

T. Textual Variant hamartia vs. anomia at 2 Thess 2:3¶

Source: $GRAMMAR_REF/greek/textual-variant-2thess-2-3.md + raw-data/text-comparisons.txt

Witness	Reading	Era / Type
ℵ B 0278 33 81 1739 1881 latt	τῆς ἀνομίας (critical text)	Alexandrian; 4th c. and earlier
A D Ψ 𝔐	τῆς ἁμαρτίας (Byzantine / TR / KJV)	Byzantine majority

Both are genitive singular feminine — morphologically identical.
Both function as attributive genitive of quality ("man [characterized] by lawlessness / by sin").
Meaning-shift is modest: anomia is lexically tighter (opposition-to-law), hamartia broader (missing the mark). 1 Jn 3:4 equates them.
Either reading keeps the anomia-chain intact — v.7 τὸ μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας and v.8 ὁ ἄνομος are un-varying. The v.3 variant does not dissolve the vocabulary-chain Paul builds.

U. Summary Cross-Reference — Library Files Read¶

Word studies (all in `$WORD_STUDIES/`):¶

G500-antichristos.md, G601-apokalypto.md, G3466-mysterion.md, G3485-naos.md, G2411-hieron.md, G2673-katargeo.md, G5207-huios.md, G2316-theos.md, G2476-histemi.md, G2378-thysia.md, G3952-parousia.md, G2015-epiphaneia.md, G1411-dynamis.md, G225-aletheia.md, G228-alethinos.md, G1577-ekklesia.md, G1785-entole.md, G1849-exousia.md, G2362-thronos.md, G1325-didomi.md, G1094-ginomai.md, G2647-katalyo.md, G1404-drakon.md, G2342-therion.md, G1228-diabolos.md, G646-apostasia.md, G458-anomia.md, G459-anomos.md, G266-hamartia.md, G444-anthropos.md, G684-apoleia.md, G2722-katecho.md, G584-apodeiknymi.md, G2523-kathizo.md, G480-antikeimai.md, G5229-hyperairo.md, G1753-energeia.md, G1754-energeo.md, G4592-semeion.md, G5059-teras.md, G337-anaireo.md, G4106-plane.md, G4105-planao.md, G868-aphistemi.md, G4574-sebasma.md, TR-chattaah-hamartia.md, TR-avon-adikia.md, TR-ben-huios.md, TR-chereb-rhomphaia.md.

Grammar references (all in `$GRAMMAR_REF/`):¶

greek/ concord-shift-neuter-to-masculine.md, genitive-of-quality-apposition.md, reflexive-hoti-display.md, anthropos-individual-vs-type.md, textual-variant-2thess-2-3.md, son-of-X-semitic-idiom.md, energeia-subjective-genitive.md, paired-middle-participles.md, divine-passive.md, apocalyptic-narrative-prolepsis.md, aorist-passive-indicative.md, participle-perfect-passive-state.md
passages/ 2thess-2-1-12.md (CRITICAL), dan-11-36-37.md, dan-8-23-25.md, dan-7-25-26.md, isa-14-ezek-28-self-deification.md, 1jn-2-18-23-antichrist.md, mat-24-15-mk-13-14-abomination.md, rev-13-1-10.md, rev-13-3.md, rev-13-5.md, rev-11-12-time-markers.md.

Word studies gathered: 2026-04-17. Source files untouched; all data above derived from the canonical library.