Word Studies¶
Question¶
Rev 18:4 'come out of her my people.' God's people inside Babylon. OT come-out tradition (Abraham, Exodus, literal Babylon). 2 Cor 6:14-18. Hina-me purpose clause. John 10:16. Fall-then-call sequence.
G1831 — exerchomai¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1831-exerchomai.md
Occurrences: 230
From ek (out of) + erchomai (to come/go). The root verb of the exelthate command in Rev 18:4 and 2 Cor 6:17. 230 NT occurrences across 15 books. Primary LXX equivalent of H3318 yatsa (489 co-occurrences, PMI 4.42). Semantic category 'Separation and Covenant Departure' directly applies: God's people commanded to leave Babylon, unclean associations, or apostate communities. Key uses: Rev 18:4, 2 Cor 6:17, Heb 13:13, Acts 7:3.
Semantic categories: physical departure, divine/prophetic origin, separation and covenant departure, eschatological action, missionary movement
Key verses: Rev 18:4, 2 Cor 6:17, Heb 13:13, Acts 7:3, 1 John 2:19
Relevance: The verb of the come-out command. The aorist imperative form (exelthate) appears identically in Rev 18:4 and 2 Cor 6:17, creating a direct NT-to-NT verbal link. The LXX bridge to H3318 yatsa connects it to the entire OT come-out tradition.
G2992 — laos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2992-laós.md
Occurrences: 143
A people viewed as a gathered or identifiable body. In NT usage often denotes Israel, the public crowd, or God's covenant people. 143 occurrences. Primary LXX equivalent of H5971 am (1,400 co-occurrences, PMI 26.79 — one of the strongest LXX bridges). Semantic categories: public crowd, Israel as covenant people, God's redeemed and priestly people, peoples among nations.
Semantic categories: public crowd, Israel as covenant people, God's redeemed priestly people, peoples among nations
Key verses: Rev 18:4, 1 Pet 2:9, 1 Pet 2:10, Titus 2:14, Heb 4:9
Relevance: Ho laos mou in Rev 18:4 is the covenant designation — God claims these people as HIS before they leave Babylon. The LXX bridge to H5971 am connects to the entire OT 'my people' tradition, especially the Hosea lo-ammi/ammi reversal.
H3318 — yatsa¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3318-yatsa.md
Occurrences: 1371
Primitive root: to go out, come out, issue forth. 1,371 occurrences across 37 OT books. The 14th most frequent verb in the Hebrew Bible. Qal (784 occurrences) = intransitive 'go out'; Hiphil (279) = causative 'bring out.' The Hiphil Exodus formula ('brought you out of Egypt') is the theological backbone of the OT come-out tradition (~70+ occurrences). LXX primarily renders with exerchomai (G1831, 489 co-occurrences).
Semantic categories: physical exit, military muster, offspring issuing, words proceeding from mouth, YHWH going forth, Exodus deliverance formula, natural issuing, property reverting at Jubilee
Key verses: Exo 20:2, Gen 12:1, Isa 52:11, Jer 51:45, Isa 48:20
Relevance: The Hebrew root of the entire OT come-out tradition. Every OT come-out passage uses yatsa: Gen 12:1 (Abraham), Isa 48:20, 52:11, Jer 50:8, 51:6, 51:45. The LXX bridge to exerchomai (G1831) connects directly to the NT exelthate command in Rev 18:4.
G4790 — synkoinoneo¶
Occurrences: 5
Compound of syn (together with) + koinoneo (to share/participate). Only 3 NT occurrences (or 5 tokens per Strong's DB): Eph 5:11 ('have no fellowship with unfruitful works of darkness' — present imperative, ongoing prohibition), Phil 4:14 ('ye did communicate with my affliction' — aorist participle, positive sharing), Rev 18:4 ('that ye be not partakers of her sins' — aorist subjunctive, potential co-participation). The syn- prefix intensifies koinoneo: not mere awareness or proximity but ACTIVE CO-PARTICIPATION. Bill Mounce: 'to share in company with, be connected with, be a joint partaker.'
Semantic categories: active co-participation in sin, positive sharing in suffering, participatory fellowship
Key verses: Rev 18:4, Eph 5:11, Phil 4:14
Relevance: The specific verb chosen in Rev 18:4 to describe WHAT makes remaining in Babylon dangerous. The compound syn- prefix means the danger is not mere proximity but active co-participation. Phil 4:14's positive use confirms the verb means genuine sharing, not passive association.
G2086 — heterozygeo¶
Occurrences: 1
NT hapax legomenon (only occurrence: 2 Cor 6:14). Compound of heteros (G2087, 'another of a different kind') + zygos ('yoke'). 'To be yoked with one of a different kind.' Derives from LXX Lev 19:19 where the prohibition is against species-mixing in cattle breeding. Paul frames the entire separation argument as a SPECIES-MIXING violation — the issue is ontological incompatibility, not mere preference.
Semantic categories: species-mixing violation, ontological incompatibility, unequal yoking
Key verses: 2 Cor 6:14
Relevance: Paul's choice of this rare word from the Levitical species-mixing laws frames separation from Babylon as a matter of KIND, not degree. Light and darkness, Christ and Belial, temple and idols are different SPECIES — they cannot be yoked together.
H5971 — am¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5971-am.md
Occurrences: 1962
Masculine noun from an unused root meaning 'to associate.' A people as a congregated unit. 1,962 occurrences. The possessive ammi ('my people') is the primary covenant-identity marker (10% of all occurrences). LXX renders as laos (G2992) in 1,400 co-occurrences (PMI 3.7). Key formula: 'I will be their God and they shall be my people' — the covenant identity declaration.
Semantic categories: covenant people of God, elected/holy people, national populace, foreign peoples, death idiom (gathered to his people), covenant exclusion (cut off from his people)
Key verses: Exo 3:10, Exo 5:1, Jer 51:45, Hos 1:9, Hos 2:23, 2 Chr 7:14
Relevance: The OT root of ho laos mou in Rev 18:4. The possessive ammi ('my people') in Jer 51:45 is the direct OT parallel. The Hosea lo-ammi/ammi reversal (Hos 1:9 → 2:23) shows the designation can be revoked and restored — illuminating who God's 'my people' are inside Babylon.
G4127 — plege¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4127-plege.md
Occurrences: 21
From plesso (to strike). A stroke, wound, calamity. 21 NT occurrences across 4 books. 14 of 21 in Revelation (3.5 per 100 verses). Translated 'plagues' 50%, 'stripes' 20%, 'wound' 20%. In Revelation, the word consistently refers to divine judgments — the seven last plagues of Rev 15-16.
Semantic categories: physical wound/blow, divine plague/judgment, apostolic suffering
Key verses: Rev 18:4, Rev 15:1, Rev 16:1, Rev 18:8
Relevance: The second hina-me clause of Rev 18:4: 'lest you receive of her PLAGUES (plegon).' The plagues are the seven last plagues of Rev 15-16. The come-out call aims to separate God's people from Babylon BEFORE these plagues fall.
G4166 — poimen¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4166-poimen.md
Occurrences: 18
Of uncertain affinity. A shepherd (literally or figuratively). 18 tokens in 17 verses across 7 books. Translated 'shepherd' 94.1%, 'pastors' 5.9% (only Eph 4:11). John has highest concentration (5 uses). Used of literal shepherds (Luke 2), Christ as good shepherd (John 10:11,14), and church leaders (Eph 4:11).
Semantic categories: literal shepherd, Christ as shepherd, spiritual leader/pastor
Key verses: John 10:11, John 10:14, John 10:16, Heb 13:20, 1 Pet 2:25
Relevance: John 10:16's 'one shepherd' (heis poimen) is Christ. The come-out call is the shepherd's voice calling sheep from the wrong fold into the one flock. The asyndetic 'mia poimne, heis poimen' emphasizes that unity is in the shepherd, not the institutional fold.
G2841 — koinoneo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2841-koinoneo.md
Occurrences: 8
From koinos (common, shared). To share with others. 8 NT occurrences. Semantic range: material sharing (Rom 12:13, Gal 6:6, Phil 4:15), sharing in suffering (1 Pet 4:13, Heb 2:14), complicity in wrong (1 Tim 5:22, 2 John 1:11). The base verb from which synkoinoneo (G4790) is formed with the syn- prefix.
Semantic categories: material sharing/generosity, sharing in suffering/solidarity, complicity in wrong
Key verses: Heb 2:14, 1 Tim 5:22, 2 John 1:11, 1 Pet 4:13
Relevance: The base verb illuminates synkoinoneo. The 'complicity' sense (1 Tim 5:22, 2 John 1:11) shows koinoneo can describe unwanted participation in another's sin — the very thing Rev 18:4 warns against with the intensified compound form.
G169 — akathartos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G169-akathartos.md
Occurrences: 30
Alpha-privative + kathairo (to cleanse). Impure — ceremonially, morally, or demonically. 30 tokens across 8 books. 70% refer to unclean spirits/demonic beings. In Revelation: Rev 16:13 (unclean spirits) and Rev 18:2 (Babylon as habitation of unclean spirits). Paul uses for moral/ethical impurity (2 Cor 6:17 — 'touch not the unclean thing').
Semantic categories: unclean spirits/demonic beings, Levitical/dietary uncleanness, moral/ethical impurity, eschatological/apocalyptic impurity
Key verses: Rev 18:2, 2 Cor 6:17, Isa 52:11, Acts 10:14
Relevance: Connects Rev 18:2 (Babylon as cage of unclean spirits) with 2 Cor 6:17 ('touch not the unclean thing') and Isa 52:11 ('touch no unclean thing'). The same vocabulary chain runs through the entire come-out tradition.
G266 — hamartia¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G266-hamartia.md
Occurrences: 173
From hamartano (to miss the mark). A sin — the act, the resulting guilt, or (in Paul) sin as an enslaving power. ~173 NT occurrences. In Rev 18:4-5, the word appears in both the purpose clause ('lest you share her SINS') and the ground clause ('her SINS have reached unto heaven').
Semantic categories: act of missing/erring, resulting state of guilt, sin as enslaving power
Key verses: Rev 18:4, Rev 18:5, Rom 6:1-2, 1 John 1:7-9
Relevance: Rev 18:4 uses hamartiais (dative plural) in the first purpose clause — 'lest you co-participate in her SINS.' Rev 18:5 uses hamartiai (nominative plural) — 'her SINS have reached unto heaven.' The sins of Babylon are a collective reality that those who remain inside become complicit in.
G1096 — ginomai¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1096-ginomai.md
Occurrences: 702
Primary verb: to cause to be, become, come into being, happen. 702 NT occurrences. The egeneto form (aorist middle indicative 3rd sg) is the classic narrative transition marker (233 of 668 forms). In Rev 18:2, egeneto marks Babylon's progressive deterioration: she 'IS BECOME' the habitation of demons — indicating she was not always this way.
Semantic categories: narrative transition, happening/occurring, becoming/change of state, being made/creation, emphatic denial (me genoito)
Key verses: Rev 18:2, John 1:3, John 1:14, Rev 11:15
Relevance: The egeneto in Rev 18:2 is a verb of TRANSITION — Babylon 'became' a demon habitation, implying progressive moral deterioration before the sudden judicial destruction. This supports the progressive-fall reading established in 3am-12.
G5456 — phone¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5456-phone.md
Occurrences: 141
Probably akin to phaos (light) through the idea of disclosure. A tone, voice, sound. 141 occurrences. Revelation has 34% of all occurrences (44 of 129, 10.9 per 100 verses). Primary LXX equivalent of H6963 qol (388 co-occurrences). Semantic categories include divine/heavenly voice, loud voice/exclamation, recognizable personal voice, and apocalyptic proclamation.
Semantic categories: divine/heavenly voice, loud voice/exclamation, recognizable personal voice, prophetic/wilderness voice, sound/noise, eschatological/resurrection voice, apocalyptic proclamation
Key verses: Rev 18:4, John 10:3, John 10:27, Rev 14:13, Rev 21:3
Relevance: Rev 18:4 introduces the come-out call as 'another voice from heaven' (allen phonen ek tou ouranou). The voice vocabulary connects to John 10:3,27 — the shepherd's voice that the sheep HEAR and FOLLOW. The come-out call is the shepherd's voice reaching his flock inside Babylon.
G4098 — pipto¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4098-pipto.md
Occurrences: 93
To fall. 93 occurrences across 10 books. Revelation has highest density (5.0 per 100 verses, 20 occurrences). Overwhelmingly aorist (80%). Semantic category 'Destruction of Cities and Powers' directly applies: Rev 14:8 and 18:2 both use the doubled epesen epesen for Babylon's fall.
Semantic categories: prostration in worship, destruction of cities/powers, physical falling, cosmic/angelic falling, spiritual/moral falling, judgment falling upon
Key verses: Rev 14:8, Rev 18:2, Rev 16:19, Rev 17:10
Relevance: The doubled epesen epesen (prophetic aorist) in Rev 14:8 and 18:2 is the fall announcement that triggers the come-out call. Established in 3am-12: the prophetic aorist declares future event as accomplished fact.
G1163 — dei¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1163-dei.md
Occurrences: 104
Impersonal verb: it is necessary, there is need, one must. 104 unique verses. From deo (to bind): what is binding/necessary. Force ranges from absolute divine necessity to moral obligation. Dominant translation: 'must' (54.8%).
Semantic categories: divine necessity/divine plan, moral obligation, logical necessity
Key verses: John 10:16, Mat 16:21, Acts 1:16, Rev 1:1
Relevance: In John 10:16, dei me agagein ('it is necessary for me to bring') expresses DIVINE NECESSITY — God MUST bring the other sheep. This is not optional or contingent but bound by divine purpose. The come-out call is backed by divine mandate.
G4202 — porneia¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4202-porneia.md
Occurrences: 25
From porneuo (to act as a harlot). Harlotry, fornication. 25 unique verses. Highest concentration in Revelation (7 occurrences, 1.7/100v). In Revelation, used figuratively for Babylon's corrupting spiritual influence. Strongest Hebrew bridge is the zanah word family (H2181).
Semantic categories: marital/divorce exception, vice list item, sexual ethics in church, Jerusalem Council decree, spiritual/metaphorical harlotry (Babylon), impenitence
Key verses: Rev 14:8, Rev 17:2, Rev 17:4, Rev 18:3, Rev 19:2
Relevance: Babylon's defining sin. The zanah/porneia chain (established in 3am-10) requires prior covenant relationship — confirming the external corpus claim that Babylon targets 'religious bodies once pure and become corrupt' (GC 382).
G1577 — ekklesia¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1577-ekklesia.md
Occurrences: 118
From ek (out of) + derivative of kaleo (to call). A calling out — a popular meeting, religious congregation. 118 occurrences. Etymology itself IS a come-out concept: the church is the 'called-out ones.'
Semantic categories: local congregation, universal church/body of Christ, civic assembly
Key verses: Mat 16:18, Acts 2:47, Eph 1:22-23, Rev 1:20
Relevance: The etymology (ek + kaleo = 'called out') shows the church's identity is inherently a come-out concept. The ekklesia IS the community that has responded to the come-out call. This connects the ecclesiological discussion of visible/invisible community to the Rev 18:4 call.
G2564 — kaleo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2564-kaléō.md
Occurrences: 154
To call, properly aloud. 154 occurrences. Used for naming, inviting, and divine calling/election. In Rom 9:25, Paul uses kaleo to describe God 'calling' former not-my-people into his people — the Hosea reversal. In 1 Pet 2:9, kalesantos ('the one who called you') describes God calling out of darkness into light.
Semantic categories: naming, inviting, divine calling/election
Key verses: Rom 9:25, 1 Pet 2:9, Heb 11:8, 1 Cor 1:9
Relevance: The calling verb behind ekklesia. God CALLS people out — Rom 9:25 (calls them 'my people'), 1 Pet 2:9 ('called you out of darkness'), Heb 11:8 (Abraham 'when he was CALLED to go out'). The come-out call of Rev 18:4 is God's kaleo reaching his people inside Babylon.
G3340 — metanoeo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3340-metanoeo.md
Occurrences: 36
From meta (after/with) + noeo (to think). To change one's mind, repent. 36 occurrences. Fundamentally cognitive and volitional — a deliberate reorientation, not merely emotional remorse.
Semantic categories: conversion call, response to judgment warning, change of behavior
Key verses: Acts 2:38, Rev 2:5, Rev 2:21, Rev 9:21
Relevance: The response required after the come-out call. Rev 2:21 shows Babylon-type figures given 'space to repent' but refusing. The come-out call includes implicit repentance — leaving Babylon IS metanoia in action.
G2839 — koinos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2839-koinos.md
Occurrences: 10
From koinonos (sharer). Common — shared by all (positive sense) or profane/defiled (ceremonial sense). 10 unique verses, 12 tokens. Dual meaning: what is common to all is, by definition, not set apart. Root of the koinon- word family including koinoneo, koinonia, synkoinoneo.
Semantic categories: shared/communal property, ceremonially common/profane/defiled
Key verses: Acts 10:14, Acts 10:28, Acts 2:44, Rom 14:14
Relevance: The root concept behind synkoinoneo (G4790). What is 'common' (koinos) is the opposite of what is 'holy' (hagios). The come-out call moves God's people from the common/profane sphere (Babylon) into the holy/set-apart sphere.