Word Studies¶
Question¶
What does dote auto doxan ("give glory to him") mean as a gospel imperative? How is glory (doxa/kabod) given to God — through confession (Josh 7:19), character acknowledgment (Isa 42:12), conduct (Matt 5:16, 1 Pet 2:12), fruit-bearing (John 15:8), bodily stewardship (1 Cor 6:20, 10:31), beholding-transformation (2 Cor 3:18), or something else? What is the relationship between giving glory and the judgment announcement that immediately follows? How does Romans 1:21 ("they glorified him not as God") describe the exact failure the first angel addresses? Why does Rev 16:9 record that under the plagues they "repented not to give him glory" — a precise verbal echo of 14:7? How does John 17:4 ("I have glorified thee on the earth: I have finished the work") establish Christ as the model of giving glory?
G1391 — doxa¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1391-doxa.md
Occurrences: 168
Glory, honor, splendor. From dokeo (to seem/be recognized). Classical meaning 'opinion/reputation' was transformed through LXX translation of kabod (H3519, 170 co-occurrences, PMI 6.32) to carry the Hebrew meanings of weight, substance, brightness, and character. Six semantic categories: divine luminous presence, Christ's inherent glory, eschatological glory, doxological ascription, human honor/status, natural splendor. The doxa-kabod bridge is the foundational linguistic connection for this study.
Semantic categories: divine luminous presence, Christ's inherent glory, eschatological glory, doxological ascription, human honor/status, natural splendor
Key verses: Rev 14:7, John 1:14, 2 Cor 3:18, Rom 1:23, Rom 3:23, Rev 4:11
Relevance: The core noun of the study. 'Give glory' (dote doxan) in Rev 14:7 commands acknowledging God's full weight/substance/character. The kabod→doxa bridge means 'glory' carries OT meanings of character, presence, and radiance.
G1392 — doxazo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1392-doxazo.md
Occurrences: 71
To glorify, render glorious. From doxa (G1391). 54 unique verses across 13 books. John dominates (16/54 = 30%), concentrated in chapters 12-17. Six semantic categories: humans glorifying God (response to works), humans glorifying God (intentional obedience), mutual Father-Son glorification, God glorifying believers, word/gospel being glorified, negative/ironic uses. LXX bridge: kabad H3513 (28x, PMI 6.54).
Semantic categories: response to mighty works, intentional obedience, mutual Father-Son glorification, God glorifying believers, gospel glorified, failure to glorify
Key verses: Rom 1:21, John 17:4, Matt 5:16, 1 Cor 6:20, John 15:8, Acts 12:23
Relevance: The core verb. Used in Rom 1:21 (edoxasan — 'they glorified not'), John 17:4 (edoxasa — 'I have glorified'), 1 Cor 6:20 (doxasate — aorist imperative), Matt 5:16 (doxasosin — purpose subjunctive). Maps the full range of how glorification occurs.
H3519 — kabowd¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3519-kabowd.md
Occurrences: 214
Glory, honor, weight. From kabad (H3513, 'to be heavy'). 189 unique verses in 27 OT books. Root meaning is literal heaviness applied metaphorically: what has 'weight' commands honor. Six semantic categories: divine theophanic presence, divine identity/exclusivity, liturgical/doxological use, human honor/wealth, glory departing/defiled, eschatological universal revelation. LXX maps overwhelmingly to doxa (G1391) with 170 co-occurrences.
Semantic categories: divine theophanic presence, divine identity/exclusivity, liturgical/doxological use, human honor/wealth, glory departing/defiled, eschatological revelation
Key verses: Exod 33:18, Exod 40:34, Isa 6:3, Hab 2:14, Psa 19:1, 1 Chr 16:28-29
Relevance: The Hebrew foundation. Kabod's root meaning 'weight/heaviness' grounds the concept: glory is substance, not decoration. Exod 33:18-19 equates kabod with goodness/character. The LXX kabod→doxa bridge transferred these rich meanings into the NT.
H3513 — kabad¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3513-kabad.md
Occurrences: 141
To be heavy; in good sense: to honor, glorify; in bad sense: to be burdensome, to harden. Primitive root verb. 108 unique verses across 26 books. Verb stems: Piel (honor/glorify, 38x), Niphal (be honored, 30x), Qal (be heavy, 22x), Hiphil (make heavy/harden, 17x). LXX splits: doxazo (28x) for honor/glorify sense; baryno (25x) for physical weight/hardening sense.
Semantic categories: to honor persons, to glorify God, to be heavy/burdensome, to harden heart, to be distinguished, God glorified through judgment
Key verses: Exod 20:12, Lev 10:3, 1 Sam 2:30, Isa 24:15, Psa 22:23
Relevance: The root verb behind kabod (H3519). The Piel stem ('honor/glorify') is the active sense used when humans glorify God. The LXX's semantic split (doxazo for honor, baryno for weight) shows how the translation tradition handled kabad's dual range.
G1325 — didomi¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1325-didomi.md
Occurrences: 430
To give (primary verb, prolonged form). 377 unique verses across 22 books. Revelation has highest density (12.1/100 verses). Seven semantic categories: material giving, delegated authority, God's gifts, Father giving through Son, self-giving sacrifice, granting permission, rendering/producing. Hebrew source: nathan H5414 (1330 co-occurrences).
Semantic categories: material giving, delegated authority, God's gifts, Father-Son giving, self-giving sacrifice, granting permission, rendering/producing
Key verses: Rev 14:7, Rev 16:9, Rev 11:13, Rom 4:20, John 9:24, Acts 12:23
Relevance: The verb in 'give glory' (dote doxan). Rev 14:7 uses the 2nd aorist active imperative (dote). The same didomi+doxa construction appears in Rev 16:9 (dounai, infinitive), Rev 11:13 (edokan, indicative), Rom 4:20 (dous, participle), Acts 12:23 (ouk edoken, negative). Tracing this construction across Revelation maps the glory-giving/refusing pattern.
H3034 — yadah¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H3034-yadah.md
Occurrences: 136
To praise, give thanks (Hiphil); to confess (Hithpael). Denominative from yad ('hand') — literally 'to use/extend the hand.' 111 unique verses. The dual meaning (praise/confess) is significant: praise and confession are two sides of the same act of acknowledging God. Hiphil dominates (~90%, praise/thanks); Hithpael is restricted to confession contexts. LXX maps to exomologeo G1843 (78x, PMI 7.58).
Semantic categories: praise and thanksgiving, confession of sin, communal confession, liturgical worship, personal acknowledgment
Key verses: Psa 136:1, Lev 16:21, Dan 9:4, Gen 29:35, Josh 7:19
Relevance: Critical for the confession idiom. In Josh 7:19, todah (from yadah) parallels kabod — 'give glory AND make confession.' Yadah's dual meaning shows that praise-giving and sin-confessing are unified: both acknowledge that God is right.
G3670 — homologeo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3670-homologeo.md
Occurrences: 26
To confess, profess, acknowledge. Compound of homos ('same') + lego ('to speak') — literally 'to say the same thing.' 21 unique verses across 10 books. Four senses: agree with, concede/promise, profess openly, praise (Heb 13:15). Present tense dominates Johannine confession-of-faith passages; aorist captures decisive confessing.
Semantic categories: agree/assent, confess sins, profess faith, praise/celebrate
Key verses: Rom 10:9-10, 1 John 1:9, 1 John 4:2-3, Phil 2:11, John 1:20
Relevance: The confession vocabulary. 'To say the same thing' — confession means agreeing with God's assessment. Phil 2:11 ('every tongue confess...to the glory of God') explicitly links confession with glorification.
G1843 — exomologeo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1843-exomologeo.md
Occurrences: 11
To confess openly, acknowledge fully, give thanks. Compound of ek ('out of') + homologeo. 11 unique verses. Almost entirely middle voice, emphasizing personal involvement. Preserves yadah's dual range: both confession of sin (Matt 3:6, James 5:16) and thanksgiving/praise to God (Matt 11:25, Rom 15:9). Primary LXX rendering of yadah (78x, PMI 33.14).
Semantic categories: confess sins, give thanks, praise God, confess allegiance
Key verses: Matt 3:6, Matt 11:25, Phil 2:11, Rom 14:11, James 5:16
Relevance: The LXX bridge from yadah (H3034). Preserves the dual confession/praise meaning. Phil 2:11 ('every tongue should confess') uses this word in the ultimate glorification context.
G1504 — eikon¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1504-eikon.md
Occurrences: 23
Image, likeness, representation. 23 occurrences across 9 books. Revelation dominates (10x). Three semantic categories: imperial coin inscription (civic), Christ as image of God (Christological), human transformation into God's image (soteriological). Used in 2 Cor 3:18 ('the same image'), Rom 1:23 ('changed glory into an image'), Col 1:15 ('image of the invisible God').
Semantic categories: imperial coin, Christ as image of God, human transformation into image, beast-image
Key verses: 2 Cor 3:18, Rom 1:23, Col 1:15, Rom 8:29, Rev 13:14-15
Relevance: Central to the beholding-transformation mechanism. 2 Cor 3:18: believers are changed into 'the same image' (eikona). Rom 1:23: humanity exchanged glory for an image. Rev 13-14: the beast-image vs. God's image — the eschatological form of the glory-exchange.
G2590 — karpos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2590-karpos.md
Occurrences: 66
Fruit (literal or figurative). 56 unique verses across 14 books. Semantic categories: literal fruit, spiritual fruit, good/bad fruit, fruit of righteousness, offspring. Appears in the glorification context of John 15:8 ('bear much fruit') and Phil 1:11 ('fruits of righteousness...unto the glory of God').
Semantic categories: literal fruit, spiritual fruit, good/bad fruit, fruit of righteousness, offspring
Key verses: John 15:8, Phil 1:11, Gal 5:22-23, Matt 3:8, Matt 13:23
Relevance: Fruit-bearing as a distinct mode of glorification. John 15:8: 'Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit.' Nave's lists 'Bringing forth fruits of righteousness' under GLORIFYING GOD. Fruit is Christ-generated through abiding, not self-produced.
G4983 — soma¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4983-soma.md
Occurrences: 146
Body (as a sound whole). 122 unique verses in 18 books. Used in 1 Cor 6:19-20 where the body is declared naos (G3485, inner temple) and the arena for glorifying God. Paul uses soma theologically: the body is not merely physical but is the locus of redemption, worship, and moral agency.
Semantic categories: physical body, resurrection body, body of Christ, body as temple, body-soul unity
Key verses: 1 Cor 6:19-20, Rom 12:1, 1 Cor 15:43-44, Phil 3:21
Relevance: The body as arena of glorification. 1 Cor 6:20 commands 'glorify God in your body.' Rom 12:1 extends this: 'present your bodies a living sacrifice.' The purchase-price argument (agorazo) establishes that the body belongs to God and must be used for His glory.
G3485 — naos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3485-naos.md
Occurrences: 46
Temple, sanctuary — specifically the inner sanctuary where deity dwells (from naio, 'to dwell'), as distinct from hieron (the entire temple precinct). 40 NT occurrences. In 1 Cor 6:19, the body is called naos — not the outer temple precinct but the inner holy place where God's presence dwells through the Spirit.
Semantic categories: Jerusalem temple, body as temple, heavenly temple, metaphorical temple
Key verses: 1 Cor 6:19, 1 Cor 3:16-17, 2 Cor 6:16, Rev 21:22
Relevance: The naos/hieron distinction matters: calling the body naos means it is the INNER sanctuary, the dwelling place of deity — not merely a sacred precinct. This elevates bodily stewardship from practical wisdom to holy-place maintenance.
G2920 — krisis¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2920-krisis.md
Occurrences: 47
Judgment, judicial process. From krino (G2919, to separate/judge). 47 NT occurrences. Distinguished from katakrima (condemnation) — krisis is the judicial PROCESS, not necessarily the negative verdict. LXX maps from both mishpat (H4941, verdict/ordinance, 132x) and riyb (H7379, covenant lawsuit, 29x).
Semantic categories: court of justice, judicial activity, evaluation, punishment
Key verses: Rev 14:7, John 5:24, Matt 12:36, Acts 17:31
Relevance: The judgment announcement following 'give glory' in Rev 14:7: 'the hour of his krisis is come.' The riyb→krisis bridge (TR-riyb-krisis.md) shows the covenant-lawsuit background: Rev 14:7 invokes God's legal right to judge creation.
G2570 — kalos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2570-kalos.md
Occurrences: 102
Good, beautiful, noble, fit. Of uncertain affinity. 91 unique verses across 16 books. Straddles aesthetic (beautiful) and ethical (good) domains. Distinguished from agathos (intrinsically good): kalos emphasizes observable/appreciable excellence — beauty and fitness perceived by others.
Semantic categories: morally good, aesthetically beautiful, fit/proper, noble/admirable
Key verses: Matt 5:16, 1 Pet 2:12, 1 Tim 6:12, Heb 10:24
Relevance: The 'kala erga' (beautiful/good works) in Matt 5:16 and 1 Pet 2:12 are the visible conduct that causes others to glorify God. Kalos means the works are aesthetically compelling — attracting glory — not just morally correct.
G5048 — teleioo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5048-teleioo.md
Occurrences: 33
To complete, perfect, consummate. From telos (end/goal). 24 unique verses across 8 books. Primary domains: moral perfection, completing/finishing, consecrating. Used in John 17:4 (teleiosas — 'having finished the work') as the means of glorification.
Semantic categories: moral perfection, completion/finishing, consecration
Key verses: John 17:4, John 4:34, Heb 2:10, Heb 5:9
Relevance: The completion verb in Christ's glorification model. John 17:4: teleiosas (having completed) explains edoxasa (I have glorified). Work-completion IS glorification. John 4:34 uses the same verb for Christ's life purpose.
G5055 — teleo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5055-teleo.md
Occurrences: 30
To finish, complete, execute, discharge. From telos (G5056, end/goal). 26 unique verses. Related to teleioo but emphasizes the ACT of finishing rather than the STATE of perfection. Used in John 19:30 (tetelestai — 'It is finished').
Semantic categories: complete/finish, fulfill, end/terminate, pay/discharge
Key verses: John 19:30, Matt 10:23, Rev 15:1, Rev 20:3
Relevance: John 19:30's tetelestai ('It is finished') is the cross's counterpart to John 17:4's edoxasa/teleiosas. The dying statement is a final act of glorification — the work is completed, glory is given.
G3340 — metanoeo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3340-metanoeo.md
Occurrences: 36
To repent, change one's mind. Compound of meta ('change') + noeo ('to think/perceive'). 32 unique verses in 6 books. Fundamentally cognitive/volitional — a deliberate re-orientation of thought and will, not merely emotional remorse. Concentrated in Synoptics, Acts, and Revelation.
Semantic categories: change behavior, turn to God, moral reversal
Key verses: Rev 16:9, Rev 16:11, Acts 2:38, Acts 17:30, Rev 9:20-21
Relevance: Critical for the Rev 16:9 echo: 'they repented not (ou metenoasan) to give him glory.' The refusal to repent IS the refusal to glorify. Rev 9:20-21 is the precursor. Metanoeo's cognitive nature means it involves the re-orientation of mind that enables glory-giving.
G2041 — ergon¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2041-ergon.md
Occurrences: 176
Work, deed, action. 161 unique verses in 26 books. Three senses: occupation/employment, product/accomplishment, act/deed. First occurrence: Matt 5:16 ('your good works'). In John 17:4, 'the work (ergon) which thou gavest me to do' — Christ's entire redemptive mission is one ergon.
Semantic categories: occupation/employment, product/accomplishment, act/deed, works of God, works of law
Key verses: John 17:4, Matt 5:16, 1 Pet 2:12, Eph 2:10, Rev 20:12
Relevance: The 'work' that Christ completed in glorifying the Father (John 17:4). The kala erga ('beautiful works') in Matt 5:16 and 1 Pet 2:12 are the conduct that causes others to glorify God. Believers' works are the visible arena of glory-giving.
G3339 — metamorphoo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3339-metamorphóō.md
Occurrences: 4
To transform, transfigure. From meta ('change') + morphoo ('to form'). Only 4 NT occurrences: Matt 17:2, Mark 9:2 (Christ's transfiguration), Rom 12:2 ('be ye transformed'), 2 Cor 3:18 ('are changed'). Denotes change of essential form (morphe), not merely outward appearance (schema). Contrasts with metaschematizo (G3345, change of external presentation) and syschematizo (G4964, conform to external pattern).
Semantic categories: physical transfiguration, spiritual/moral transformation
Key verses: 2 Cor 3:18, Rom 12:2, Matt 17:2, Mark 9:2
Relevance: The transformation verb in 2 Cor 3:18: metamorphoumetha (present passive — 'we are being transformed'). Same verb as Christ's transfiguration — the transformation is real and radical. In 2 Cor 3:18, the transformation is from glory to glory by the Spirit. In Rom 12:2, transformation is contrasted with conformity (syschematizo). This is how glory-giving becomes possible: believers are transformed into glory-bearing image.
G2734 — katoptrizomai¶
Occurrences: 1
To behold as in a mirror; or to reflect as a mirror. Hapax legomenon — occurs only in 2 Cor 3:18. From katoptron ('mirror'). Middle voice. The 'beholding vs. reflecting' debate: Meyer and most moderns favor 'beholding as in a mirror' for the middle voice; Chrysostom and others favor 'reflecting as a mirror.' The middle voice in Greek usage favors the subject's own action of looking, not the mirror's function of reflecting.
Semantic categories: beholding/contemplating, reflecting
Key verses: 2 Cor 3:18
Relevance: The critical verb in the beholding-transformation mechanism. If 'beholding': believers look at God's glory and are changed. If 'reflecting': believers mirror God's glory to others. Either way, sustained engagement with divine glory produces transformation. The hapax status means the word's meaning must be determined from context and cognate usage.
G4100 — pisteuo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4100-pisteuo.md
Occurrences: 264
To believe, trust, have faith. From pistis (G4102, faith). 220 unique verses across 21 books. The internal correlate of confession (homologeo). In Rom 4:20, faith IS described as 'giving glory to God' — belief is not merely intellectual assent but active glory-giving.
Semantic categories: believe/trust, have faith, entrust
Key verses: Rom 4:20, Heb 11:6, John 3:16, Rom 10:9
Relevance: Faith as glory-giving. Rom 4:20: Abraham was 'strong in faith, giving glory to God' — the participle dous doxan is circumstantial to pistei. Faith and glory-giving are identified. Num 20:12 confirms the inverse: Moses' unbelief = failure to sanctify/glorify.
G5401 — phobos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5401-phobos.md
Occurrences: 47
Fear, terror, reverence. 44 unique verses across 16 books. Companion noun to the first imperative in Rev 14:7 (phobethete). Studied extensively in 3am-05-fear-god.
Semantic categories: terror/dread, reverential awe, object of fear
Key verses: Rev 14:7, Rev 15:4, 2 Cor 7:1, 1 Pet 1:17
Relevance: Companion imperative to 'give glory.' The fear-glory-worship triad in Rev 14:7 represents one reality from three angles. Prior study 3am-05 established that phobos in Rev 14:7 is reverential awe, not terror.
G5399 — phobeo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G5399-phobeo.md
Occurrences: 110
To fear, be afraid, have reverence. 90 unique verses across 14 books. The verb form in Rev 14:7: phobethete (V-AOM-2P, aorist passive imperative). Studied in 3am-05-fear-god.
Semantic categories: be afraid, have reverence, respect
Key verses: Rev 14:7, Rev 15:4, Matt 10:28
Relevance: The fear verb in Rev 14:7. The aorist passive imperative phobethete opens the three-part command. Fear precedes glory-giving as the internal orientation.
G4352 — proskyneo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4352-proskyneo.md
Occurrences: 65
To worship, bow down, prostrate. 54 unique verses in NT. Third imperative in Rev 14:7: proskynesate (V-AAM-2P). Dominant worship verb in the NT.
Semantic categories: worship God, worship false gods, homage to persons
Key verses: Rev 14:7, Rev 4:10, John 4:23-24, Matt 2:2
Relevance: Third imperative in Rev 14:7. Worship is the behavioral expression of fear (internal) and glory (relational). The command to worship the Creator contrasts with the beast-worship of Rev 13.
H5414 — nathan¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/H5414-nathan.md
Occurrences: 2285
To give. One of the most frequent OT verbs (1,814 unique verses). LXX maps primarily to didomi (G1325, 1330 co-occurrences). Used in Josh 7:19 (ten lo todah — 'give him confession') and Mal 2:2 (latheth kabod — 'to give glory'). The Hebrew equivalent of the Greek didomi in the 'give glory' construction.
Semantic categories: give, set/place, deliver, grant
Key verses: Josh 7:19, Mal 2:2
Relevance: The Hebrew 'give' verb in the OT glory-giving passages. Nathan + kabod + le-YHWH is the Hebrew construction underlying didomi + doxa + dative in the NT.
G1922 — epignosis¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1922-epignosis.md
Occurrences: 20
Full knowledge, recognition, discernment. Strengthened form of gnosis (G1108). 20 occurrences. Used in Rom 1:28 where humanity's refusal to retain God 'in knowledge' (en epignosei) parallels their refusal to glorify Him.
Semantic categories: full knowledge, recognition, discernment
Key verses: Rom 1:28, Col 1:10, 2 Pet 1:3
Relevance: Rom 1:28: they did not retain God 'in knowledge' (epignosis). The failure to acknowledge/know God is the cognitive dimension of the failure to glorify. Glory-giving requires genuine knowledge of who God is.
G166 — aionios¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G166-aionios.md
Occurrences: 71
Eternal, everlasting. From aion (G165, age). 69 unique verses across 19 books. Qualifies 'gospel' in Rev 14:6 as euangelion aionion. Studied in 3am-04-euangelion-aionion.
Semantic categories: eternal duration, age-pertaining quality
Key verses: Rev 14:6, John 3:16, Matt 25:46
Relevance: Modifies 'gospel' in Rev 14:6: the everlasting gospel. The 'give glory' command is part of this eternal gospel content.
G4561 — sarx¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G4561-sarx.md
Occurrences: 151
Flesh. 130 unique verses across 22 books. Used in Rom 1:24 context where God 'gave them up' to dishonor their bodies. The sarx/soma distinction matters: sarx often carries the sinful-nature sense while soma is the neutral physical body.
Semantic categories: physical flesh, human nature, sinful nature, mortal humanity
Key verses: Rom 1:24, Rom 8:3-4, Gal 5:19-21, John 1:14
Relevance: Background for Rom 1:24 (dishonoring bodies through lusts of sarx) and the bodily glorification passages. The sarx-soma contrast helps explain why Paul can command glorifying God 'in your body' (soma) while condemning the 'works of the flesh' (sarx).
G3056 — logos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3056-logos.md
Occurrences: 329
Word, reason, account. 314 unique verses across 24 books. Used in Rom 12:1 as logiken latreian ('reasonable/logical service/worship'). The logos root connects rationality to worship — bodily glorification is 'logical' service.
Semantic categories: word/speech, reason/account, divine Word, message/teaching
Key verses: John 1:1, Rom 12:1, Heb 4:12
Relevance: Rom 12:1: logiken latreian — worship that engages the rational mind. Glory-giving through bodily presentation is described as 'logical' — it follows necessarily from the mercies of God (Rom 12:1a).
G1805 — exagorazo¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1805-exagorazo.md
Occurrences: 4
To buy out of the marketplace, redeem. Compound of ek ('out of') + agorazo (G59, 'to purchase'). Only 4 NT occurrences (Gal 3:13; 4:5; Eph 5:16; Col 4:5). The purchase-redemption vocabulary background for 1 Cor 6:20's agorazo.
Semantic categories: redeem from slavery, buy back, make the most of
Key verses: Gal 3:13, Gal 4:5
Relevance: Background for the purchase-price argument in 1 Cor 6:20. agorasthete ('you were bought') uses the simpler G59 agorazo, but exagorazo's 'buy out of the marketplace' metaphor enriches the slavery-redemption context that grounds bodily glorification.
G2588 — kardia¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2588-kardia.md
Occurrences: 160
Heart — the center of thought, will, and emotion. 152 unique verses across 22 books. Used in Rom 1:21 ('their foolish heart was darkened') — the cognitive/volitional failure that underlies the refusal to glorify.
Semantic categories: center of thought, will/volition, emotion, inner person
Key verses: Rom 1:21, Rom 10:9-10, Matt 5:8
Relevance: Rom 1:21: the darkening of the foolish heart follows the refusal to glorify. The heart is the locus of both failure (Rom 1:21) and response (Rom 10:9 — 'with the heart man believeth'). Glory-giving begins in the heart.
G1849 — exousia¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G1849-exousia.md
Occurrences: 103
Authority, power, right. 93 unique verses across 16 books. Used in Rev 16:9 ('God which hath authority/power over these plagues') — emphasizing that the plagues are under God's sovereign control, making the refusal to give glory even more culpable.
Semantic categories: authority, power, right, jurisdiction
Key verses: Rev 16:9, Matt 28:18, John 1:12
Relevance: Rev 16:9: tou echontos ten exousian epi tas plegas tautas — 'the one having authority over these plagues.' The wicked know God has authority over the plagues yet refuse to give glory — making their refusal willful.
G2889 — kosmos¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G2889-kosmos.md
Occurrences: 187
World, ordered arrangement. 152 unique verses across 20 books. Used in John 17:5 ('the glory which I had with thee before the world was') — Christ's pre-existent glory before the kosmos existed.
Semantic categories: physical world, humanity, world system, orderly arrangement
Key verses: John 17:5, John 3:16, Rom 1:20, 1 John 2:15-16
Relevance: John 17:5: Christ's glory predates the kosmos. The 'before the world was' phrase establishes that glory is not a created attribute but belongs to Christ inherently.
G3107 — makarios¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3107-makarios.md
Occurrences: 50
Blessed, happy, fortunate. Used in Rev 14:13 ('Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord') — the blessedness that results from responding to the first angel's call to give glory.
Semantic categories: blessed, fortunate, happy
Key verses: Rev 14:13, Matt 5:3-12
Relevance: Rev 14:13 pronounces a blessing on those who die in the Lord — the outcome for those who heed the first angel's call to fear, give glory, and worship.
G3142 — martyrion¶
Source: D:/bible/bible-studies/word-studies/G3142-martyrion.md
Occurrences: 20
Testimony, witness. The first angel's message is itself a testimony — a witness to God's claim on creation.
Semantic categories: testimony, witness, evidence
Key verses: Matt 24:14, Rev 1:2
Relevance: Background for the gospel-as-testimony framework. The 'everlasting gospel' of Rev 14:6 functions as God's witness/testimony to the world, demanding the response of glory-giving.