Word Studies¶

H1780 — diyn (Aramaic: Judgment)¶

Original: דִּין Transliteration: diyn Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: (Aramaic) corresponding to H1777 — judgement Occurrences: 5 in OT

Translations¶

"judgment" (2x — Ezr 7:26; Dan 4:37)
"the judgment" (1x — Dan 7:10)
"and judgment" (1x — Dan 7:22)
"But the judgment" (1x — Dan 7:26)

Key Usage in Daniel 7¶

Dan 7:10: "the judgment was set [dina yetib]" — the court TOOK ITS SEAT; emphatic form dina with definite article
Dan 7:22: "judgment was given to the saints" — verdict rendered IN FAVOR OF saints
Dan 7:26: "But the judgment shall sit" — the court will be seated (repeated from v.10)
BDB Note: In Dan 7:10,26, dina = "judges, court" (the judicial body itself). In Dan 7:22, MT reading = "judgment was given in favour of" (see Driver).

Significance¶

The Aramaic diyn in Daniel 7 functions as both "the court" (vv.10,26 — the judicial body taking its seat) and "the verdict" (v.22 — judgment rendered for the saints). This dual usage confirms the judicial/forensic nature of the scene.

G2920 — krisis (Greek: Judgment/Decision)¶

Original: κρίσις Transliteration: krisis Part of Speech: Feminine noun Definition: Decision (subjectively or objectively, for or against); by extension a tribunal Occurrences: 48 in NT (34 in Strong's concordance data)

Translations¶

"judgment" (18x)
"of judgment" (8x)
"damnation" (2x)
"the judgment" (2x)
"accusation" (2x)
"judgments" (2x)

Key Verses¶

Rev 14:7: "the hour of his judgment [kriseos] is come [elthen, aorist]" — THE announcement of eschatological judgment as accomplished fact
Heb 9:27: "after this the judgment [krisis]" — follows death; part of the DOA sequence (sacrifice → judgment → appearance)
Heb 10:27: "fearful looking for of judgment [kriseos]" — future judgment for willful sinners
Dan 7:10 LXX: krisis translates Aramaic diyn — the LXX bridge between Daniel's Aramaic and Revelation's Greek

LXX Connection¶

The LXX renders Dan 7:10's diyn as krisis, and Dan 7:22's diyn as krisis. Rev 14:7 uses the same krisis — providing the direct linguistic bridge from Daniel's Aramaic courtroom to Revelation's Greek proclamation.

G975 / G976 — biblion / biblos (Greek: Book/Scroll)¶

Original: βιβλίον / βίβλος Transliteration: biblion / biblos Definition: A scroll, document, book

G975 biblion¶

Rev 5:1: "a book [biblion] written within and on the backside, sealed with seven seals"
Rev 20:12: "the books [biblia, plural of biblion] were opened: and another book [biblion] was opened, which is the book of life"
Appears as both singular (the scroll in Rev 5, the book of life in Rev 20) and plural (the record books in Rev 20)

G976 biblos¶

Rev 3:5: "I will not blot out his name out of the book [biblos] of life"
Philippians 4:3: "book of life"

The Books Motif: Dan 7:10 → Rev 5:1 → Rev 20:12¶

Dan 7:10: "the books [Aramaic: siphrin] were opened" — judicial records opened for the heavenly court
Rev 5:1: "a book [biblion] sealed with seven seals" — a scroll in God's hand; the Lamb approaches to take it
Rev 20:12: "the books [biblia] were opened... and another book [biblion] was opened, which is the book of life" — TWO categories: record books AND book of life

The books motif connects all three passages: Daniel's heavenly court has books opened for judgment; Revelation 5 has a sealed scroll that only the Lamb can open (inaugurating the judgment process); Revelation 20 has books opened for the final executive judgment.

H784 — esh (Hebrew: Fire)¶

Original: אֵשׁ Transliteration: esh Part of Speech: Feminine noun Definition: Fire (literally or figuratively): burning, fiery, fire, flaming, hot Occurrences: 379 in OT

Theophanic Fire in Daniel 7¶

Dan 7:9: "his throne was like the fiery flame [Aramaic: nuwra], and his wheels as burning fire [Aramaic: nuwra]"
Dan 7:10: "A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him"
Dan 7:11: "the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame"

Fire Parallels in Judgment Contexts¶

Psalm 50:3: "a fire shall devour before him" — God comes to judge His people
Psalm 97:3: "A fire goeth before him, and burneth up his enemies"
Rev 4:5: "seven lamps of fire burning before the throne"
Rev 20:9: "fire came down from God out of heaven"
Lev 16:12: "burning coals of fire from off the altar" — DOA fire imagery

Note on Aramaic¶

Daniel 7 is in Aramaic, not Hebrew. The Aramaic word for fire is nuwra (H5135), cognate to Hebrew esh. The fire imagery in Dan 7:9-11 connects to both DOA (Lev 16:12, fire from the altar) and judgment theophany (Psa 50:3; 97:3).

H906 — bad (Hebrew: Linen)¶

Original: בַּד Transliteration: bad Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Flaxen thread or yarn; hence a linen garment Occurrences: 23 in OT

DOA Linen Garments¶

Lev 16:4: "He shall put on the holy linen [bad] coat, and he shall have the linen [bad] breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen [bad] girdle, and with the linen [bad] mitre"
Lev 16:23: "shall put off the linen [bad] garments"
Lev 16:32: "shall put on the linen [bad] clothes, even the holy garments"

Connection to Daniel and Ezekiel¶

Dan 10:5: "clothed in linen [bad]" — the heavenly messenger
Dan 12:6-7: "the man clothed in linen [bad]" — the one who gives the time prophecy
Eze 9:2-3,11: "clothed with linen [bad]" — the marking angel in Ezekiel's judgment vision
Eze 10:2,6-7: "the man clothed with linen [bad]" — takes fire from between the cherubim

Significance¶

The linen (bad) is the DOA priestly garment — white, simple, holy. Daniel 7:9's "garment white as snow" echoes the high priest's white linen DOA attire. The same word appears in Ezekiel's judgment vision (Eze 9) and Daniel's post-judgment vision (Dan 10, 12), creating a verbal chain: DOA linen → judgment vision linen.

H6050 — anan (Aramaic: Cloud)¶

Original: עֲנַן Transliteration: anan Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: (Aramaic) corresponding to H6051 — cloud Occurrences: 1 in OT (Dan 7:13)

Dan 7:13 — The Cloud Coming¶

"one like the Son of man came with the clouds [anan] of heaven"

The Aramaic anan occurs only once in the entire OT — in Daniel 7:13. Its Hebrew cognate anan (H6051) appears frequently in theophanic contexts (Exo 13:21-22; 16:10; 19:9,16; Lev 16:2; 1Ki 8:10-11).

G3507 — nephele (Greek: Cloud)¶

Original: νεφέλη Transliteration: nephele Part of Speech: Feminine noun Definition: Cloudiness, a cloud Occurrences: 25 in NT

Key Verses¶

Rev 1:7: "he cometh with clouds [nephelon]" — Second Coming imagery from Dan 7:13
Rev 14:14: "a white cloud [nephele leuke], and upon the cloud one sat like unto the Son of man" — Dan 7:13 + 7:14 combined (Son of Man + enthronement crown)
Matt 24:30: "the Son of man coming in the clouds [nephelon] of heaven" — Direct Dan 7:13 citation
Matt 26:64: "coming in the clouds [nephelon] of heaven" — Jesus' self-identification as Dan 7:13 figure
1 Thess 4:17: "caught up together with them in the clouds [nephelais]"

Theological Significance¶

The Greek nephele in the NT consistently traces back to Daniel 7:13's Aramaic anan. The cloud is the vehicle of divine presence — connecting DOA cloud over mercy seat (Lev 16:2) with the Son of Man's approach to the Ancient of Days (Dan 7:13) and with the Second Coming (Rev 1:7; Matt 24:30).

Greek Parsing Results¶

Rev 4:2 — Throne Set in Heaven¶

thronos (G2362) — Nominative singular masculine = "a throne" (subject)
ekeito (G2749, keimai) — Imperfect middle/passive indicative = "was set/was lying" (continuous state)
kathemenos (G2521, kathemai) — Present middle/passive participle, nominative singular masculine = "one sitting" (ongoing action)

Rev 5:6-7 — The Lamb Approaches the Throne¶

Arnion (G721) — "a Lamb" — accusative singular neuter
hestekos (G2476, histemi) — Perfect active participle = "standing" (completed action with ongoing result)
esphagmenon (G4969, sphazo) — Perfect passive participle = "having been slain" (completed action with enduring result — the marks of slaughter remain)
elthen (G2064, erchomai) — Aorist active indicative = "he came" (completed action — the Lamb CAME to the One on the throne)
eilephen (G2983, lambano) — Perfect active indicative = "he has taken" (completed action with result — permanent possession)

Rev 5:11 — Myriads of Myriads¶

myriades myriadon (G3461) — "myriads of myriads" = ten thousands of ten thousands
chiliades chiliadon (G5505) — "thousands of thousands"
This is the Greek equivalent of Dan 7:10's Aramaic: "thousand thousands... ten thousand times ten thousand"

Rev 14:7 — The Hour of Judgment¶

elthen (G2064, erchomai) — Aorist active indicative = "has come/came" — the judgment is presented as an accomplished fact
kriseos (G2920, krisis) — Genitive singular feminine = "of judgment"
hora (G5610) — "the hour" — the appointed time has arrived

Rev 14:14 — Son of Man on the Cloud¶

nephele leuke — "a white cloud" (G3507 + G3022)
kathemenon (G2521) — Present middle participle = "one sitting"
homoion huion anthropou — "like a son of man" — echoes Dan 7:13 LXX (homoion huio anthropou)
stephanon chrysoun — "a golden crown" (G4735 + G5552) — combines Dan 7:13 (Son of Man) with Dan 7:14 (dominion received = crowned)

Rev 20:11-12 — Great White Throne¶

thronon megan leukon — "a throne great white" (G2362 + G3173 + G3022) — the adjectives echo Dan 7:9 (white garment/throne of fire)
biblia enoichthesan (G975 + G455) — "books were opened" — aorist passive = completed action; echoes Dan 7:10 "the books were opened"
ekrithesan (G2919, krino) — Aorist passive indicative = "were judged" — completed judicial verdict
ek ton gegrammenon — "out of the things having been written" — perfect passive participle = records written previously and still standing