Verses¶
Primary Verses -- Full Chapter Context¶
Leviticus 16 (The Day of Atonement -- 16 kaphar occurrences)¶
16:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they offered before the LORD, and died; 16:2 And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy [place] within the vail before the mercy seat, which [is] upon the ark; that he die not: for I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat. 16:3 Thus shall Aaron come into the holy [place]: with a young bullock for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering. 16:4 He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen girdle, and with the linen mitre shall he be attired: these [are] holy garments; therefore shall he wash his flesh in water, and [so] put them on. 16:5 And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel two kids of the goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering. 16:6 And Aaron shall offer his bullock of the sin offering, which [is] for himself, and make an atonement for himself, and for his house. 16:7 And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the LORD [at] the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. 16:8 And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat. 16:9 And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the LORD'S lot fell, and offer him [for] a sin offering. 16:10 But the goat, on which the lot fell to be the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before the LORD, to make an atonement with him, [and] to let him go for a scapegoat into the wilderness. 16:11 And Aaron shall bring the bullock of the sin offering, which [is] for himself, and shall make an atonement for himself, and for his house, and shall kill the bullock of the sin offering which [is] for himself: 16:12 And he shall take a censer full of burning coals of fire from off the altar before the LORD, and his hands full of sweet incense beaten small, and bring [it] within the vail: 16:13 And he shall put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that [is] upon the testimony, that he die not: 16:14 And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle [it] with his finger upon the mercy seat eastward; and before the mercy seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven times. 16:15 Then shall he kill the goat of the sin offering, that [is] for the people, and bring his blood within the vail, and do with that blood as he did with the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it upon the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat: 16:16 And he shall make an atonement for the holy [place], because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions in all their sins: and so shall he do for the tabernacle of the congregation, that remaineth among them in the midst of their uncleanness. 16:17 And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the congregation when he goeth in to make an atonement in the holy [place], until he come out, and have made an atonement for himself, and for his household, and for all the congregation of Israel. 16:18 And he shall go out unto the altar that [is] before the LORD, and make an atonement for it; and shall take of the blood of the bullock, and of the blood of the goat, and put [it] upon the horns of the altar round about. 16:19 And he shall sprinkle of the blood upon it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and hallow it from the uncleanness of the children of Israel. 16:20 And when he hath made an end of reconciling the holy [place], and the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar, he shall bring the live goat: 16:21 And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send [him] away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness: 16:22 And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness. 16:23 And Aaron shall come into the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall put off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the holy [place], and shall leave them there: 16:24 And he shall wash his flesh with water in the holy place, and put on his garments, and come forth, and offer his burnt offering, and the burnt offering of the people, and make an atonement for himself, and for the people. 16:25 And the fat of the sin offering shall he burn upon the altar. 16:26 And he that let go the goat for the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward come into the camp. 16:27 And the bullock [for] the sin offering, and the goat [for] the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy [place], shall [one] carry forth without the camp; and they shall burn in the fire their skins, and their flesh, and their dung. 16:28 And he that burneth them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp. 16:29 And [this] shall be a statute for ever unto you: [that] in the seventh month, on the tenth [day] of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, [whether it be] one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among you: 16:30 For on that day shall [the priest] make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, [that] ye may be clean from all your sins before the LORD. 16:31 It [shall be] a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls, by a statute for ever. 16:32 And the priest, whom he shall anoint, and whom he shall consecrate to minister in the priest's office in his father's stead, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen clothes, [even] the holy garments: 16:33 And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation. 16:34 And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to make an atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a year. And he did as the LORD commanded Moses.
Leviticus 17 (Blood Atonement Principle)¶
17:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 17:2 Speak unto Aaron, and unto his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto them; This [is] the thing which the LORD hath commanded, saying, 17:3 What man soever [there be] of the house of Israel, that killeth an ox, or lamb, or goat, in the camp, or that killeth [it] out of the camp, 17:4 And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to offer an offering unto the LORD before the tabernacle of the LORD; blood shall be imputed unto that man; he hath shed blood; and that man shall be cut off from among his people: 17:5 To the end that the children of Israel may bring their sacrifices, which they offer in the open field, even that they may bring them unto the LORD, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, unto the priest, and offer them [for] peace offerings unto the LORD. 17:6 And the priest shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar of the LORD [at] the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and burn the fat for a sweet savour unto the LORD. 17:7 And they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils, after whom they have gone a whoring. This shall be a statute for ever unto them throughout their generations. 17:8 And thou shalt say unto them, Whatsoever man [there be] of the house of Israel, or of the strangers which sojourn among you, that offereth a burnt offering or sacrifice, 17:9 And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to offer it unto the LORD; even that man shall be cut off from among his people. 17:10 And whatsoever man [there be] of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood; I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people. 17:11 For the life of the flesh [is] in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it [is] the blood [that] maketh an atonement for the soul. 17:12 Therefore I said unto the children of Israel, No soul of you shall eat blood, neither shall any stranger that sojourneth among you eat blood. 17:13 And whatsoever man [there be] of the children of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, which hunteth and catcheth any beast or fowl that may be eaten; he shall even pour out the blood thereof, and cover it with dust. 17:14 For [it is] the life of all flesh; the blood of it [is] for the life thereof: therefore I said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall eat the blood of no manner of flesh: for the life of all flesh [is] the blood thereof: whosoever eateth it shall be cut off. 17:15 And every soul that eateth that which died [of itself], or that which was torn [with beasts, whether it be] one of your own country, or a stranger, he shall both wash his clothes, and bathe [himself] in water, and be unclean until the even: then shall he be clean. 17:16 But if he wash [them] not, nor bathe his flesh; then he shall bear his iniquity.
Romans 3 (Christ as Hilasterion)¶
3:1-18 [Universal sinfulness established] ... 3:19 Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God. 3:20 Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law [is] the knowledge of sin. 3:21 But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets; 3:22 Even the righteousness of God [which is] by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: 3:23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; 3:24 Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption [apolytrosis] that is in Christ Jesus: 3:25 Whom God hath set forth [to be] a propitiation [hilasterion] through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; 3:26 To declare, [I say], at this time his righteousness: that he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. 3:27-31 [Faith establishes law]
Romans 5 (The Only NT "Atonement" in KJV -- katallage)¶
5:1 Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ: 5:2 By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God. 5:3-5 [Tribulation -> patience -> experience -> hope -> love] 5:6 For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly. 5:7 For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to die. 5:8 But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us. 5:9 Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him. 5:10 For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. 5:11 And not only [so], but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement [katallage]. 5:12-21 [Adam/Christ parallel]
Hebrews 9 (The Bridge Chapter)¶
9:1 Then verily the first [covenant] had also ordinances of divine service, and a worldly sanctuary. 9:2 For there was a tabernacle made; the first, wherein [was] the candlestick, and the table, and the shewbread; which is called the sanctuary. 9:3 And after the second veil, the tabernacle which is called the Holiest of all; 9:4 Which had the golden censer, and the ark of the covenant overlaid round about with gold, wherein [was] the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tables of the covenant; 9:5 And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat [hilasterion]; of which we cannot now speak particularly. 9:6 Now when these things were thus ordained, the priests went always into the first tabernacle, accomplishing the service [of God]. 9:7 But into the second [went] the high priest alone once every year, not without blood, which he offered for himself, and [for] the errors of the people: 9:8 The Holy Ghost this signifying, that the way into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest, while as the first tabernacle was yet standing: 9:9 Which [was] a figure for the time then present, in which were offered both gifts and sacrifices, that could not make him that did the service perfect, as pertaining to the conscience; 9:10 [Which stood] only in meats and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances, imposed [on them] until the time of reformation. 9:11 But Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to say, not of this building; 9:12 Neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption [apolytrosis] [for us]. 9:13 For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh: 9:14 How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? 9:15 And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption [apolytrosis] of the transgressions [that were] under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance. 9:16-21 [The testament/covenant requires blood] 9:22 And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and without shedding of blood is no remission. 9:23 [It was] therefore necessary that the patterns of things in the heavens should be purified with these; but the heavenly things themselves with better sacrifices than these. 9:24 For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, [which are] the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us: 9:25 Nor yet that he should offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others; 9:26 For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. 9:27 And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment: 9:28 So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation.
2 Corinthians 5 (Ministry of Reconciliation)¶
5:14 For the love of Christ constraineth us; because we thus judge, that if one died for all, then were all dead: 5:15 And [that] he died for all, that they which live should not henceforth live unto themselves, but unto him which died for them, and rose again. 5:16 Wherefore henceforth know we no man after the flesh: yea, though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we [him] no more. 5:17 Therefore if any man [be] in Christ, [he is] a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. 5:18 And all things [are] of God, who hath reconciled [katallasso] us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation [katallage]; 5:19 To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling [katallasso] the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation [katallage]. 5:20 Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech [you] by us: we pray [you] in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God. 5:21 For he hath made him [to be] sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him.
1 John 2:1-6 (Hilasmos -- Christ the Propitiation)¶
2:1 My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: 2:2 And he is the propitiation [hilasmos] for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for [the sins of] the whole world. 2:3 And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments. 2:4 He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. 2:5 But whoso keepeth his word, in him verily is the love of God perfected: hereby know we that we are in him. 2:6 He that saith he abideth in him ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked.
1 John 4:7-12 (Hilasmos -- God Sent Propitiation)¶
4:7 Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God. 4:8 He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love. 4:9 In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him. 4:10 Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son [to be] the propitiation [hilasmos] for our sins. 4:11 Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another. 4:12 No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.
Foundational Kaphar Uses (Non-cultic)¶
Genesis 6:14 (kaphar = literal "pitch/cover")¶
6:14 Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch [kaphar] it within and without with pitch [kopher].
Context: First occurrence of both kaphar (verb) and kopher (noun) in Scripture. Literal physical covering with waterproofing material. The verb and noun share the same root.
Genesis 32:20 (kaphar = "appease")¶
32:20 And say ye moreover, Behold, thy servant Jacob [is] behind us. For he said, I will appease [kaphar] him with the present that goeth before me, and afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept of me.
Context: Jacob sends gifts ahead to "cover the face of" (literal meaning of kaphar + panayv) Esau, hoping to appease his anger. Second occurrence of kaphar -- already metaphorical: covering anger with a gift.
Proverbs 16:6 (kaphar = "purged")¶
16:6 By mercy and truth iniquity is purged [kaphar]: and by the fear of the LORD [men] depart from evil.
Proverbs 16:14 (kaphar = "pacify")¶
16:14 The wrath of a king [is as] messengers of death: but a wise man will pacify [kaphar] it.
Kopher (Ransom-Price) Passages¶
Exodus 21:30 (kopher = ransom for a life)¶
21:30 If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom [kopher] of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.
Exodus 30:12-16 (Census ransom money)¶
30:12 When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel after their number, then shall they give every man a ransom [kopher] for his soul unto the LORD, when thou numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when [thou] numberest them. 30:15 The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less than half a shekel, when [they] give an offering unto the LORD, to make an atonement [kaphar] for your souls. 30:16 And thou shalt take the atonement [kippur] money of the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; that it may be a memorial unto the children of Israel before the LORD, to make an atonement [kaphar] for your souls.
Note: All three KPR-root words in close proximity: kopher (v.12), kaphar (v.15), kippur (v.16), kaphar (v.16).
Numbers 35:31-33 (No kopher for murder)¶
35:31 Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction [kopher] for the life of a murderer, which [is] guilty of death: but he shall be surely put to death. 35:32 And ye shall take no satisfaction [kopher] for him that is fled to the city of his refuge, that he should come again to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest. 35:33 So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye [are]: for blood it defileth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.
Job 33:23-28 (God finds a ransom)¶
33:23 If there be a messenger with him, an interpreter, one among a thousand, to shew unto man his uprightness: 33:24 Then he is gracious unto him, and saith, Deliver him from going down to the pit: I have found a ransom [kopher]. 33:25 His flesh shall be fresher than a child's: he shall return to the days of his youth:
Psalm 49:7-9,15 (No man can give kopher)¶
49:7 None [of them] can by any means redeem his brother, nor give to God a ransom [kopher] for him: 49:8 (For the redemption of their soul [is] precious, and it ceaseth for ever:) 49:9 That he should still live for ever, [and] not see corruption. 49:15 But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he shall receive me. Selah.
Isaiah 43:3-4 (God gives kopher)¶
43:3 For I [am] the LORD thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour: I gave Egypt [for] thy ransom [kopher], Ethiopia and Seba for thee. 43:4 Since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honourable, and I have loved thee: therefore will I give men for thee, and people for thy life.
Mercy Seat (Kapporeth) Passages¶
Exodus 25:17-22 (Instructions for the mercy seat)¶
25:17 And thou shalt make a mercy seat [kapporeth] [of] pure gold: two cubits and a half [shall be] the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof. 25:18 And thou shalt make two cherubims [of] gold, [of] beaten work shalt thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy seat [kapporeth]. 25:19-20 [Cherubim description -- facing each other, covering the mercy seat] 25:21 And thou shalt put the mercy seat [kapporeth] above upon the ark; and in the ark thou shalt put the testimony that I shall give thee. 25:22 And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercy seat [kapporeth], from between the two cherubims which [are] upon the ark of the testimony, of all [things] which I will give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel.
Numbers 7:89 (God speaks from the mercy seat)¶
7:89 And when Moses was gone into the tabernacle of the congregation to speak with him, then he heard the voice of one speaking unto him from off the mercy seat [kapporeth] that [was] upon the ark of testimony, from between the two cherubims: and he spake unto him.
Reconciliation/Katallage Passages¶
Hebrews 2:17 (hilaskomai -- Christ's priestly work)¶
2:17 Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto [his] brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things [pertaining] to God, to make reconciliation [hilaskomai] for the sins of the people.
Luke 18:13 (hilaskomai -- publican's prayer)¶
18:13 And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as [his] eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful [hilaskomai] to me a sinner.
Ephesians 2:13-18 (apokatallasso -- reconciliation through blood)¶
2:13 But now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ. 2:14 For he is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition [between us]; 2:15 Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, [even] the law of commandments [contained] in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, [so] making peace; 2:16 And that he might reconcile [apokatallasso] both unto God in one body by the cross, having slain the enmity thereby: 2:17 And came and preached peace to you which were afar off, and to them that were nigh. 2:18 For through him we both have access by one Spirit unto the Father.
Colossians 1:19-22 (apokatallasso -- reconcile all things)¶
1:19 For it pleased [the Father] that in him should all fulness dwell; 1:20 And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile [apokatallasso] all things unto himself; by him, [I say], whether [they be] things in earth, or things in heaven. 1:21 And you, that were sometime alienated and enemies in [your] mind by wicked works, yet now hath he reconciled 1:22 In the body of his flesh through death, to present you holy and unblameable and unreproveable in his sight:
Romans 11:15 (katallage -- reconciling of the world)¶
11:15 For if the casting away of them [be] the reconciling [katallage] of the world, what [shall] the receiving [of them be], but life from the dead?
Ransom (Lytron/Antilytron) Passages¶
Matthew 20:28 (lytron -- ransom for many)¶
20:28 Even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom [lytron] for many.
Mark 10:45 (lytron -- parallel saying)¶
10:45 For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom [lytron] for many.
1 Timothy 2:5-6 (antilytron -- substitutionary ransom)¶
2:5 For [there is] one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus; 2:6 Who gave himself a ransom [antilytron] for all, to be testified in due time.
Non-Blood Atonement Passages¶
Numbers 16:46-50 (Incense atonement)¶
16:46 And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a censer, and put fire therein from off the altar, and put on incense, and go quickly unto the congregation, and make an atonement [kaphar] for them: for there is wrath gone out from the LORD; the plague is begun. 16:47 And Aaron took as Moses commanded, and ran into the midst of the congregation; and, behold, the plague was begun among the people: and he put on incense, and made an atonement [kaphar] for the people. 16:48 And he stood between the dead and the living; and the plague was stayed. 16:49 Now they that died in the plague were fourteen thousand and seven hundred, beside them that died about the matter of Korah. 16:50 And Aaron returned unto Moses unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the plague was stayed.
Leviticus 5:11-13 (Grain atonement -- for the very poor)¶
5:11 But if he be not able to bring two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, then he that sinned shall bring for his offering the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a sin offering; he shall put no oil upon it, neither shall he put [any] frankincense thereon: for it [is] a sin offering. 5:12 Then shall he bring it to the priest, and the priest shall take his handful of it, [even] a memorial thereof, and burn [it] on the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: it [is] a sin offering. 5:13 And the priest shall make an atonement [kaphar] for him as touching his sin that he hath sinned in one of these, and it shall be forgiven him: and [the remnant] shall be the priest's, as a meat offering.
Numbers 25:10-13 (Phinehas's zeal as atonement)¶
25:10 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 25:11 Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy. 25:12 Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace: 25:13 And he shall have it, and his seed after him, [even] the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was zealous for his God, and made an atonement [kaphar] for the children of Israel.
2 Samuel 21:3 (Non-sacrificial kaphar)¶
21:3 Wherefore David said unto the Gibeonites, What shall I do for you? and wherewith shall I make the atonement [kaphar], that ye may bless the inheritance of the LORD?
Exodus 32:30 (Moses's attempted atonement)¶
32:30 And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses said unto the people, Ye have sinned a great sin: and now I will go up unto the LORD; peradventure I shall make an atonement [kaphar] for your sin.
Prophetic/Messianic Atonement Passages¶
Daniel 9:24 (To make reconciliation for iniquity)¶
9:24 Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation [kaphar] for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.
Isaiah 53:4-12 (Vicarious suffering)¶
53:4 Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. 53:5 But he [was] wounded for our transgressions, [he was] bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace [was] upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. 53:6 All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. 53:7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth. 53:8 He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of my people was he stricken. 53:9 And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither [was any] deceit in his mouth. 53:10 Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put [him] to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see [his] seed, he shall prolong [his] days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand. 53:11 He shall see of the travail of his soul, [and] shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities. 53:12 Therefore will I divide him [a portion] with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.
Additional Supporting Passages¶
Job 36:18 (kopher = ransom)¶
36:18 Because [there is] wrath, [beware] lest he take thee away with [his] stroke: then a great ransom [kopher] cannot deliver thee.
Proverbs 6:35 (kopher in human justice)¶
6:35 He will not regard any ransom [kopher]; neither will he rest content, though thou givest many gifts.
Proverbs 13:8 (kopher = wealth as ransom)¶
13:8 The ransom [kopher] of a man's life [are] his riches: but the poor heareth not rebuke.
Proverbs 21:18 (kopher = substitution)¶
21:18 The wicked [shall be] a ransom [kopher] for the righteous, and the transgressor for the upright.
Amos 5:12 (kopher = bribe)¶
5:12 For I know your manifold transgressions and your mighty sins: they afflict the just, they take a bribe [kopher], and they turn aside the poor in the gate [from their right].
Exodus 30:10 (kippur with kaphar on the incense altar)¶
30:10 And Aaron shall make an atonement [kaphar] upon the horns of it once in a year with the blood of the sin offering of atonements [kippur]: once in the year shall he make atonement [kaphar] upon it throughout your generations: it [is] most holy unto the LORD.