Word Studies¶
H4150 -- mo'ed (Appointed Time / Meeting)¶
Original: מוֹעֵד (mowed) Transliteration: moʻed Pronunciation: mo-ade Part of Speech: masculine noun Total Occurrences: 229 (BLB: 223)
Definition: From yaʻad; properly, an appointment, i.e. a fixed time or season; specifically, a festival; conventionally a year; by implication, an assembly (as convened for a definite purpose); technically the congregation; by extension, the place of meeting; also a signal (as appointed beforehand). Translated: appointed (sign, time), (place of, solemn) assembly, congregation, (set, solemn) feast, (appointed, due) season, solemn(-ity), synagogue, (set) time (appointed).
Translation Distribution¶
| Translation | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| of the congregation (ohel mo'ed = tent of meeting) | 146 | 63.8% |
| the feasts | 4 | 1.7% |
| in his appointed season | 3 | 1.3% |
| appointed | 3 | 1.3% |
| at the time appointed | 3 | 1.3% |
| solemn feasts / feasts (various forms) | ~15 | ~6.5% |
| Other (season, time, assembly, etc.) | ~55 | ~24% |
Key Occurrences in Leviticus 23¶
- Lev 23:2 -- "the feasts [mo'adei] of the LORD... holy convocations... these are my feasts [mo'adai]"
- Lev 23:4 -- "These are the feasts [mo'adei] of the LORD... which ye shall proclaim in their seasons [bemo'adam]"
- Lev 23:37 -- "These are the feasts [mo'adei] of the LORD"
- Lev 23:44 -- "And Moses declared unto the children of Israel the feasts [mo'adei] of the LORD"
Semantic Range¶
The word mo'ed has a dual semantic range: 1. Temporal: Appointed time, fixed season, set time (Gen 1:14 -- "seasons"; Gen 17:21, 18:14 -- God's appointed time) 2. Spatial/Assemblage: Place of meeting, congregation (the 146 occurrences as "tent of meeting" / ohel mo'ed) 3. Liturgical: The appointed feasts/festivals of YHWH (Lev 23; Num 15:3; 2 Chr 8:13)
LXX Translations (Greek equivalents)¶
| Greek | Transliteration | Meaning | PMI Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| G3142 martyrion | martýrion | testimony/witness | 29.45 |
| G4633 skene | skene | tent/tabernacle | 27.13 |
| G2374 thyra | thýra | door | 19.94 |
| G1859 heorte | heorte | festival/feast | 19.41 |
| G2540 kairos | kairós | occasion/set time | 12.25 |
| G4864 synagoge | synagoge | assemblage/synagogue | 9.25 |
Note: The LXX most often renders mo'ed with skene (tent) or martyrion (testimony) for the "tent of meeting" usage, and heorte for the festival usage. The NT word for feast in Col 2:16 is heorte (G1859), directly mapping to the LXX translation of mo'ed/chag.
H2282 -- chag (Festival / Pilgrimage Feast)¶
Original: חַג (chag) Transliteration: chag Pronunciation: khag Part of Speech: masculine noun Total Occurrences: 69 (BLB: 62)
Definition: From chagag; a festival, or a victim therefor. Translated: (solemn) feast (day), sacrifice, solemnity.
Translation Distribution¶
| Translation | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| a feast / the feast / feast | 34 | ~49% |
| in the feast / of the feast / at the feast | 10 | ~14% |
| sacrifice / sacrifices | 2 | ~3% |
| solemnity / solemn feast | 2 | ~3% |
| Other | ~21 | ~30% |
Key Occurrences in Leviticus 23¶
- Lev 23:6 -- "the feast [chag] of unleavened bread unto the LORD"
- Lev 23:34 -- "the feast [chag] of tabernacles" (chag ha-sukkot)
- Lev 23:39 -- "ye shall keep a feast [chag] unto the LORD"
- Lev 23:41 -- "ye shall keep it a feast [chag] unto the LORD"
Distinction: mo'ed vs. chag¶
- mo'ed = appointed time/meeting -- the broader calendar designation. All seven feasts are mo'adim.
- chag = pilgrimage feast/festival -- the joyful celebration. Used specifically for Unleavened Bread, Pentecost/Weeks, and Tabernacles (the three pilgrimage feasts).
- Passover (pesach) is NOT called a chag in Lev 23:5 -- it is the LORD's passover.
- Trumpets is NOT called a chag.
- Day of Atonement is NOT called a chag (it requires affliction, not celebration).
LXX Translations¶
| Greek | Transliteration | Meaning | PMI Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| G1859 heorte | heorte | festival/feast | 31.28 |
| G1858 heortazo | heortazo | to observe a festival | 18.31 |
| G106 azymos | ázymos | unleavened | 17.65 |
| G3831 panegyris | panegyris | mass-meeting/festive assembly | 13.98 |
H4744 -- miqra (Convocation / Assembly)¶
Original: מִקְרָא (miqra) Transliteration: miqraʼ Pronunciation: mik-raw Part of Speech: masculine noun Total Occurrences: 39 (BLB: 23)
Definition: From qara; something called out, i.e. a public meeting (the act, the persons, or the place); also a rehearsal. Translated: assembly, calling, convocation, reading.
Translation Distribution¶
| Translation | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| convocation (+ an) | 32 | 82% |
| convocations | 3 | 8% |
| reading | 1 | 2.6% |
| assemblies | 1 | 2.6% |
| calling | 1 | 2.6% |
Key Formula: miqra qodesh ("holy convocation")¶
This phrase appears in Leviticus 23 for virtually every feast: - Lev 23:2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 21, 24, 27, 35, 36, 37
The root qara means "to call out" or "to proclaim." The miqra is thus a "called assembly" -- a convocation summoned by divine decree.
H8643 -- teru'ah (Trumpet Blast / Shout / Alarm)¶
Original: תְּרוּעָה (teruah) Transliteration: teruʻah Pronunciation: ter-oo-aw Part of Speech: feminine noun Total Occurrences: 43 (BLB: 36)
Definition: From rua; clamor, i.e. acclamation of joy or a battle-cry; especially clangor of trumpets, as an alarm. Translated: alarm, blow(-ing) (of, the) (trumpets), joy, jubilee, loud noise, rejoicing, shout(-ing), (high, joyful) sound(-ing).
Translation Distribution¶
| Translation | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| shout (+ variants) | 8 | ~19% |
| with shouting | 5 | 12% |
| with a [shout/etc.] | 5 | 12% |
| an alarm | 4 | 9% |
| of blowing of trumpets | 1 | 2% |
| of blowing the trumpets | 1 | 2% |
| of the jubile | 1 | 2% |
| the joyful sound | 1 | 2% |
| Other | ~17 | ~40% |
Key Occurrences¶
- Lev 23:24 -- "a memorial of blowing of trumpets [zikron teruah]" -- the ONLY occurrence defining the Feast of Trumpets
- Lev 25:9 -- "cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound" -- Jubilee announcement
- Num 29:1 -- "a day of blowing the trumpets [yom teruah]"
- Jos 6:5, 20 -- shout at Jericho's walls
- Psa 89:16 -- "the joyful sound" [teruah]
- Zep 1:16 -- "A day of the trumpet and alarm [teruah]"
Semantic Range¶
The word has three overlapping senses: 1. Trumpet blast -- the sound of the instrument 2. War cry / alarm -- the battle shout (Num 10:5-6; Jer 4:19) 3. Acclamation of joy -- joyful shouting (1 Sam 4:5; Ezr 3:11-13)
LXX Translations¶
| Greek | Transliteration | Meaning | PMI Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| G4536 salpinx | sálpinx | trumpet | 19.12 |
| G2906 krauge | kraugé | outcry | 16.00 |
| G5456 phone | phone | voice/sound | 11.45 |
| G4537 salpizo | salpizo | to trumpet | 9.55 |
Note: The LXX renders teruah primarily as salpinx (trumpet), connecting directly to the NT salpinx in 1 Thess 4:16, 1 Cor 15:52, Matt 24:31.
H7782 -- shophar (Trumpet / Ram's Horn)¶
Original: שׁוֹפָר (shophar) Transliteration: showphar Pronunciation: sho-far Part of Speech: masculine noun Total Occurrences: 73 (BLB: 72)
Definition: From shaphar in the original sense of incising; a cornet (as giving a clear sound) or curved horn. Translated: cornet, trumpet.
Translation Distribution¶
| Translation | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| of the trumpet / the trumpet | 35 | 48% |
| with the trumpet(s) | 10 | 14% |
| a trumpet | 8 | 11% |
| the trumpets / trumpets | 10 | 14% |
| cornet(s) | 4 | 5% |
| Other | 6 | 8% |
Key Occurrences¶
- Exo 19:16, 19 -- shophar at Sinai (theophany)
- Lev 25:9 -- shophar of Jubilee on Day of Atonement
- Jos 6:4-20 -- seven shophars at Jericho
- Psa 47:5 -- "God is gone up with a shout [teruah], the LORD with the sound of a trumpet [shophar]"
- Psa 81:3 -- "Blow up the trumpet [shophar] in the new moon, in the time appointed [kese], on our solemn feast day [chag]"
- Isa 27:13 -- "the great trumpet [shophar] shall be blown"
- Joel 2:1, 15 -- "Blow ye the trumpet [shophar] in Zion"
- Zec 9:14 -- "the Lord GOD shall blow the trumpet [shophar]"
Distinction: shophar vs. chatsotsrah¶
- shophar = ram's horn -- used in worship, war, theophany, and the feasts
- chatsotsrah (H2689) = silver trumpet -- used for mustering the congregation (Num 10:1-10)
- In Lev 23:24, the instrument is not specified; teru'ah is the sound, not the instrument. But Num 29:1 calls it yom teruah (day of blowing), and Psa 81:3 connects it to the shophar.
H1061 -- bikkur (Firstfruits)¶
Original: בִּכּוּר (bikkur) Transliteration: bikkuwr Pronunciation: bik-koor Part of Speech: masculine plural noun Total Occurrences: 18
Definition: From bakar; the first-fruits of the crop. Translated: first fruit(-ripe), hasty fruit.
Translation Distribution¶
| Translation | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| of the firstfruits | 6 | 33% |
| the firstfruits | 4 | 22% |
| of thy firstfruits | 2 | 11% |
| firstripe / first ripe | 2 | 11% |
| Other | 4 | 22% |
Key Occurrences¶
- Exo 23:16 -- "the firstfruits [bikkurim] of thy labours"
- Exo 23:19 -- "The first of the firstfruits [bikkurei] of thy land thou shalt bring..."
- Exo 34:22 -- "the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits [bikkurei] of wheat harvest"
- Lev 23:17 -- "[they are] the firstfruits [bikkurim] unto the LORD" (Pentecost loaves)
- Lev 23:20 -- "the bread of the firstfruits [bikkurim]"
- Num 28:26 -- "the day of the firstfruits [bikkurim]"
Related: reshith (H7225) = "beginning, firstfruits"¶
In Lev 23:10, the word used is reshith (beginning/first) with omer (sheaf): "a sheaf of the firstfruits [reshith] of your harvest." This is distinct from bikkurim but overlapping in meaning.
H6016 -- omer (Sheaf / Heap)¶
Original: עֹמֶר (omer) Transliteration: omer Pronunciation: o-mer Part of Speech: masculine noun Total Occurrences: 12 (BLB: 14)
Definition: From amar; properly, a heap, i.e. a sheaf; also an omer, as a dry measure. Translated: omer, sheaf.
Translation Distribution¶
| Translation | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| the sheaf | 4 | 33% |
| an omer (measure) | 3 | 25% |
| a sheaf | 2 | 17% |
| Other | 3 | 25% |
Key Occurrences¶
- Lev 23:10 -- "ye shall bring a sheaf [omer] of the firstfruits [reshith] of your harvest unto the priest"
- Lev 23:11 -- "he shall wave the sheaf [omer] before the LORD... on the morrow after the sabbath"
- Lev 23:12 -- "when ye wave the sheaf [omer]"
- Lev 23:15 -- "the sheaf [omer] of the wave offering"
- Exo 16:16, 18, 22, 32, 33, 36 -- omer as a dry measure (1/10 ephah) for manna
- Deu 24:19; Ruth 2:7, 15 -- sheaf in the field
Note: The dual meaning (sheaf of grain AND unit of measure) connects the wave-sheaf of firstfruits to the manna provision -- both are God's provision of bread.
G4639 -- skia (Shadow)¶
Original: σκιά (skia) Transliteration: skiá Pronunciation: skee-ah Part of Speech: feminine noun Total Occurrences: 7
Definition: Apparently a primary word; "shade" or a shadow (literally or figuratively).
All NT Occurrences¶
| Reference | Translation | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Mat 4:16 | shadow | "sat in the region and shadow of death" |
| Mark 4:32 | shadow | "the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it" |
| Luke 1:79 | shadow | "them that sit in darkness and [in] the shadow of death" |
| Acts 5:15 | shadow | "the shadow of Peter passing by might overshadow some" |
| Col 2:17 | a shadow | "Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body [is] of Christ" |
| Heb 8:5 | shadow | "Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things" |
| Heb 10:1 | a shadow | "For the law having a shadow of good things to come" |
Theological Usage¶
The three theological occurrences (Col 2:17; Heb 8:5; Heb 10:1) all use skia in the same way: 1. The OT system (feasts, priesthood, sacrifices) = shadow (skia) 2. The reality/substance = Christ and heavenly things 3. A shadow presupposes a real body casting it -- the shadow is not nothing, but it points to something greater
G5179 -- typos (Type / Pattern / Figure)¶
Original: τύπος (typos) Transliteration: typos Pronunciation: too-pos Part of Speech: masculine noun Total Occurrences: 13 (BLB: 16)
Definition: From typto; a die (as struck), i.e. (by implication) a stamp or scar; by analogy, a shape, statue, style, resemblance, model, pattern.
All NT Occurrences¶
| Reference | Translation | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Jhn 20:25 | "the print of the nails" (2x) | |
| Acts 7:43 | figures | "figures which ye made to worship them" |
| Acts 7:44 | fashion | "make it according to the fashion" |
| Acts 23:25 | manner | "he wrote a letter after this manner" |
| Rom 5:14 | figure | "who is the figure [typos] of him that was to come" |
| Rom 6:17 | form | "that form of doctrine" |
| 1 Cor 10:6 | examples | "these things were our examples" |
| 1 Cor 10:11 | ensamples | "happened unto them for ensamples" |
| Phil 3:17 | ensample | "as ye have us for an ensample" |
| 1 Thess 1:7 | ensamples | "ye were ensamples to all that believe" |
| 2 Thess 3:9 | ensample | "to make ourselves an ensample" |
| 1 Tim 4:12 | example | "be thou an example of the believers" |
| Tit 2:7 | pattern | "shewing thyself a pattern" |
| Heb 8:5 | pattern | "make all things according to the pattern [typos]" |
| 1 Pet 5:3 | ensamples | "being ensamples to the flock" |
Typological Vocabulary Summary¶
The NT uses a cluster of terms for the OT-to-NT typological relationship: - skia (G4639) = shadow (Col 2:17; Heb 8:5; 10:1) - typos (G5179) = type/pattern/figure (Rom 5:14; Heb 8:5) - antitypos (G499) = antitype/counterpart (Heb 9:24; 1 Pet 3:21) - hypodeigma (G5262) = example/copy (Heb 8:5; 9:23) - parabole (G3850) = parable/figure (Heb 9:9; 11:19)