Definition: from an unused root meaning to be rough (as stone); properly, a pebble, i.e. a lot (small stones being used for that purpose); figuratively, a portion or destiny (as if determined by lot)
90 total KJV occurrences across 23 translations:
"lot" (16x), "lots" (15x), "by lot" (15x), "the lot" (13x)
Key verses in Lev 16: 16:8 (5x in Hebrew -- goral appears for each lot), 16:9, 16:10
Other key occurrences: Jos 7:14; 1Sa 14:41; Pro 16:33; Jon 1:7; Act 1:26 (NT equivalent: kleros)
Definition: a primitive root; to cover (specifically with bitumen); figuratively, to expiate or condone, to placate or cancel
130 total KJV occurrences across 51 translations:
"shall make an atonement" (20x), "to make an atonement" (18x), "to make reconciliation" (3x), "be purged" (3x), "forgive" (1x), "pardon" (1x), "be merciful" (1x)
In Lev 16: appears 16 times across vv.6,10,11,16,16,17,17,18,20,24,24,27,30,30,32,33,33,34
Note: Used for the SCAPEGOAT in 16:10 (lekhapper alav = "to make atonement with/upon it") even though the scapegoat sheds no blood
Definition: a primitive root; used only as denominative from [yad]; literally, to use (hold out) the hand; physically, to throw (a stone, an arrow) at or away; especially to revere or worship (with extended hands); intensively, to bemoan (by wringing the hands)
136 total KJV occurrences across 70 translations:
"praise" forms (majority): "O give thanks" (10x), "praise thee" (9x), "I will praise thee" (9x), etc.
"confess" forms: "and confess" (6x), "that he shall confess" (1x), "If they shall confess" (1x), "and making confession" (1x)
Hithpael form (reflexive confession): Used in Lev 5:5; 16:21; 26:40; Num 5:7
In Lev 16:21: וְהִתְוַדָּ֣ה (vehitvaddah) = Hithpael.Perf.3ms -- "and he shall confess" -- the ONLY Hithpael verb in the entire chapter
Dual semantic range: The same root covers both PRAISE (acknowledging God's goodness) and CONFESSION (acknowledging one's sin) -- both involve "laying open" before God
Definition: from [dabar] in the sense of driving; a pasture (open field where cattle are driven); by implication, a desert; also speech (including its organs)
276 total KJV occurrences across 36 translations:
"in the wilderness" (125x), "the wilderness" (27x), "of the wilderness" (24x), "into the wilderness" (15x)
In Lev 16: vv.10,21,22 -- where the scapegoat is sent
Theological significance: Wilderness = place of desolation, absence of habitation, associated with demons (Isa 13:21; 34:14; Mat 12:43; Luk 11:24)
Definition: neuter of a derivative of [hilaskomai]; an expiatory (place or thing)
Only 2 NT occurrences:
Rom 3:25 -- "whom God hath set forth [to be] a propitiation"
Heb 9:5 -- "the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat"
LXX occurrences: Exo 25:17,18; 37:6; 38:7; Lev 16:2 -- all referring to the mercy seat (kapporeth)
LXX mapping from H3727: hilasterion is the #1 Greek equivalent of kapporeth (16 occurrences, PMI=9.75, score=27.64)
Critical bridge: Christ IS the hilasterion/kapporeth -- He is both the sacrifice AND the place where sacrifice is applied. In Lev 16, the LORD's goat blood was sprinkled ON the kapporeth; Paul says Christ IS the kapporeth.