Raw Hebrew Parsing Output¶
Leviticus 4:4 -- Hand-Laying on the Sin Offering¶
וְהֵבִ֣יא אֶת־הַפָּ֗ר אֶל־פֶּ֛תַח אֹ֥הֶל מֹועֵ֖ד לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְסָמַ֤ךְ אֶת־יָדֹו֙ עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ הַפָּ֔ר וְשָׁחַ֥ט אֶת־הַפָּ֖ר לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
Hebrew Lemma Parsing Gloss
וְ ו Conj and
הֵבִ֣יא בוא Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms bring
אֶת את Prep <object marker>
הַפָּ֗ר פר Art+Noun.ms.Abs the young bull
אֶל אל Prep to
פֶּ֛תַח פתח Noun.ms.Cst opening of
אֹ֥הֶל אהל Noun.ms.Cst tent of
מֹועֵ֖ד מועד Noun.ms.Abs appointment
לִפְנֵ֣י ל+פנה Prep+Noun.mp.Cst before (lit. to faces of)
יְהוָ֑ה יהוה PropN YHWH
וְסָמַ֤ךְ סמך Conj+Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms and he shall lean/press
אֶת־יָדֹו֙ את+יד Prep+Noun.s+3ms his hand
עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ על+ראשׁ Prep+Noun.ms.Cst upon the head of
הַפָּ֔ר פר Art+Noun.ms.Abs the young bull
וְשָׁחַ֥ט שׁחט Conj+Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms and he shall slaughter
אֶת־הַפָּ֖ר את+פר Prep+Art+Noun.ms.Abs the young bull
לִפְנֵ֥י ל+פנה Prep+Noun.mp.Cst before
יְהוָֽה יהוה PropN YHWH
KEY: samakh (סמך) = Qal Perfect 3ms -- "he shall lean/press firmly." The root means to support/prop/lean upon, indicating firm physical pressure, not merely touching.
Leviticus 4:6 -- Blood Sprinkled Before the Veil¶
וְטָבַ֧ל הַכֹּהֵ֛ן אֶת־אֶצְבָּעֹ֖ו בַּדָּ֑ם וְהִזָּ֨ה מִן־הַדָּ֜ם שֶׁ֤בַע פְּעָמִים֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אֶת־פְּנֵ֖י פָּרֹ֥כֶת הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ׃
Hebrew Lemma Parsing Gloss
וְטָבַ֧ל טבל Conj+Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms and he shall dip
הַכֹּהֵ֛ן כהן Art+Noun.ms.Abs the priest
אֶת־אֶצְבָּעֹ֖ו אצבע Prep+Noun.fs+3ms his finger
בַּדָּ֑ם דם Prep+Art+Noun.ms.Abs in the blood
וְהִזָּ֨ה נזה Conj+Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms and he shall sprinkle/spatter
מִן־הַדָּ֜ם מן+דם Prep+Art+Noun.ms.Abs from the blood
שֶׁ֤בַע שׁבע Noun.s.Abs seven
פְּעָמִים֙ פעם Noun.fp.Abs times
לִפְנֵ֣י ל+פנה Prep+Noun.mp.Cst before
יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PropN YHWH
אֶת־פְּנֵ֖י את+פנה Prep+Noun.mp.Cst toward the face of
פָּרֹ֥כֶת פרכת Noun.fs.Cst the curtain of
הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ קדשׁ Art+Noun.ms.Abs the holiness
KEY: hizzah (הִזָּה) from nazah = Hiphil Perfect 3ms -- causative "he caused to spatter." This is the technical verb for ritual sprinkling. The direction is "before YHWH, toward the face of the curtain of the holiness" -- i.e., the blood is sprinkled toward the veil separating the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place.
Leviticus 4:7 -- Blood on the Incense Altar Horns¶
וְנָתַן֩ הַכֹּהֵ֨ן מִן־הַדָּ֜ם עַל־קַ֠רְנֹות מִזְבַּ֨ח קְטֹ֤רֶת הַסַּמִּים֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּאֹ֣הֶל מֹועֵ֑ד וְאֵ֣ת׀ כָּל־דַּ֣ם הַפָּ֗ר יִשְׁפֹּךְ֙ אֶל־יְסֹוד֙ מִזְבַּ֣ח הָעֹלָ֔ה
Hebrew Lemma Parsing Gloss
וְנָתַן֩ נתן Conj+Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms and he shall give/put
הַכֹּהֵ֨ן כהן Art+Noun.ms.Abs the priest
מִן־הַדָּ֜ם מן+דם Prep+Art+Noun.ms.Abs from the blood
עַל על Prep upon
קַ֠רְנֹות קרן Noun.fp.Cst horns of
מִזְבַּ֨ח מזבח Noun.ms.Cst altar of
קְטֹ֤רֶת קטרת Noun.fs.Cst smoke-offering of
הַסַּמִּים֙ סם Art+Noun.mp.Abs the perfumes
לִפְנֵ֣י ל+פנה Prep+Noun.mp.Cst before
יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PropN YHWH
...
כָּל־דַּ֣ם כל+דם Noun.ms.Cst+Noun.ms.Cst all the blood of
הַפָּ֗ר פר Art+Noun.ms.Abs the young bull
יִשְׁפֹּךְ֙ שׁפך Verb.Qal.Impf.3ms he shall pour
אֶל אל Prep to
יְסֹוד֙ יסוד Noun.ms.Cst foundation of
מִזְבַּ֣ח מזבח Noun.ms.Cst altar of
הָעֹלָ֔ה עלה Art+Noun.fs.Abs the burnt-offering
KEY: Two different verbs for blood application: nathan (נתן, "give/put") for placing blood on the incense altar horns vs. shaphakh (שׁפך, "pour") for the remainder at the base of the burnt offering altar. The careful distinction shows that different actions are required for different altar destinations.
Leviticus 4:17 -- Congregation's Sin Offering Blood¶
וְטָבַ֧ל הַכֹּהֵ֛ן אֶצְבָּעֹ֖ו מִן־הַדָּ֑ם וְהִזָּ֞ה שֶׁ֤בַע פְּעָמִים֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אֵ֖ת פְּנֵ֥י הַפָּרֹֽכֶת׃
Identical pattern to 4:6: dip (tabal) + sprinkle (hizzah, Hiphil of nazah) seven times before YHWH, toward the face of the curtain. Confirms the blood-destination rule: priest and congregation sin offering blood ENTERS the Holy Place.
Leviticus 10:17 -- The Priest Bearing Iniquity¶
מַדּ֗וּעַ לֹֽא־אֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֶת־הַֽחַטָּאת֙ בִּמְקֹ֣ום הַקֹּ֔דֶשׁ כִּ֛י קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים הִ֑וא וְאֹתָ֣הּ׀ נָתַ֣ן לָכֶ֗ם לָשֵׂאת֙ אֶת־עֲוֹ֣ן הָעֵדָ֔ה לְכַפֵּ֥ר עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
Key words:
- מַדּ֗וּעַ (maddua) = why? (Interrogative)
- לֹא־אֲכַלְתֶּם (lo akhaltem) = not-you(mp)-ate = "Why have you not eaten"
- הַחַטָּאת (hachattat) = the sin/sin-offering (H2403, chattat with article)
- בִּמְקֹום הַקֹּדֶשׁ = in the place of the holiness = "in the holy place"
- קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים (qodesh qadashim) = holiness of holinesses = "most holy"
- לָשֵׂאת (laset) = to bear (nasa H5375, Qal Infinitive Construct) = PURPOSE clause
- עֲוֹן (avon) = iniquity/guilt (H5771, Construct)
- הָעֵדָה (ha'edah) = the congregation/gathering
- לְכַפֵּר (lekapper) = to atone/cover (kaphar H3722, Piel Infinitive Construct) = PURPOSE clause
- עֲלֵיהֶם (alehem) = upon them
STRUCTURE: "Why not eaten... the chattat... in holy place... for it is most holy... and [God] gave it to you TO BEAR (laset) the iniquity of the congregation, TO ATONE (lekapper) for them before YHWH"
Leviticus 16:16 -- Purpose Statement of the Day of Atonement¶
וְכִפֶּ֣ר עַל־הַקֹּ֗דֶשׁ מִטֻּמְאֹת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וּמִפִּשְׁעֵיהֶ֖ם לְכָל־חַטֹּאתָ֑ם וְכֵ֤ן יַעֲשֶׂה֙ לְאֹ֣הֶל מֹועֵ֔ד הַשֹּׁכֵ֣ן אִתָּ֔ם בְּתֹ֖וךְ טֻמְאֹתָֽם׃
Key words:
- וְכִפֶּר (wekipper) = and he shall atone (kaphar H3722, Piel Perfect 3ms)
- עַל הַקֹּדֶשׁ (al haqqodesh) = upon/for the holy [place]
- מִטֻּמְאֹת (mittum'ot) = from/because-of uncleannesses (tum'ah H2932, fp Construct + min)
- בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל = sons of Israel
- וּמִפִּשְׁעֵיהֶם (umipish'ehem) = and from/because-of their rebellions (pesha H6588, mp + 3mp suffix)
- לְכָל חַטֹּאתָם (lekhol chattatam) = regarding all their sins (chattat H2403, fp + 3mp suffix)
- הַשֹּׁכֵן (hashshokhen) = the [one] dwelling (shakhan, Qal Participle ms)
- אִתָּם (ittam) = with them
- בְּתוֹךְ טֻמְאֹתָם (betokh tum'otam) = in the midst of their uncleannesses
STRUCTURE: "He shall atone FOR THE HOLY PLACE because of [min] the uncleannesses of Israel and because of [min] their rebellions regarding all their sins; and so he shall do for the tent of meeting THAT DWELLS WITH THEM IN THE MIDST OF their uncleannesses."
The three terms for sin: tum'ah (ritual impurity/uncleanness), pesha (rebellion/transgression), chattat (sin/missing the mark). The preposition min (from/because of) on the first two indicates the CAUSE -- the sanctuary needs cleansing BECAUSE OF these accumulated defilements.
Leviticus 16:21 -- Confession and Transfer on the Scapegoat¶
וְסָמַ֨ךְ אַהֲרֹ֜ן אֶת־שְׁתֵּ֣י יָדָ֗יו עַ֨ל רֹ֣אשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר֮ הַחַי֒ וְהִתְוַדָּ֣ה עָלָ֗יו אֶת־כָּל־עֲוֹנֹת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־כָּל־פִּשְׁעֵיהֶ֖ם לְכָל־חַטֹּאתָ֑ם וְנָתַ֤ן אֹתָם֙ עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ הַשָּׂעִ֔יר וְשִׁלַּ֛ח בְּיַד־אִ֥ישׁ עִתִּ֖י הַמִּדְבָּֽרָה׃
Key words:
- וְסָמַךְ (wesamakh) = and he shall lean/press (samakh H5564, Qal Perf 3ms)
- שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו (shtey yadav) = his TWO hands (not singular as in daily offerings)
- עַל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר הַחַי = upon the head of the he-goat, the living one
- וְהִתְוַדָּה (wehitwaddah) = and he shall confess (yadah H3034, Hithpael Perf 3ms)
- עָלָיו (alav) = upon him
- כָּל עֲוֹנֹת (kol avonot) = ALL the iniquities
- כָּל פִּשְׁעֵיהֶם (kol pish'ehem) = ALL their rebellions
- לְכָל חַטֹּאתָם (lekhol chattatam) = regarding ALL their sins
- וְנָתַן אֹתָם (wenatan otam) = and he shall PUT THEM (nathan, Qal Perf 3ms)
- עַל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר = upon the head of the he-goat
- וְשִׁלַּח (weshillach) = and he shall send away (shalach H7971, Piel Perf 3ms)
- אִישׁ עִתִּי (ish itti) = a man of readiness/a fit man
- הַמִּדְבָּרָה (hammidbarah) = toward the desert/wilderness
NOTE: The Hithpael of yadah (hitwaddah) is the reflexive-intensive: "he shall confess himself" -- indicating a thorough, complete confession. The triple "all" (kol) emphasizes totality: ALL iniquities, ALL rebellions, ALL sins. The verb nathan (put/give) explicitly describes the transfer: he puts them UPON the head of the goat. Then shalach in Piel (intensive sending) dispatches the goat to the wilderness.
Leviticus 15:31 -- Defilement Warning¶
וְהִזַּרְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִטֻּמְאָתָ֑ם וְלֹ֤א יָמֻ֨תוּ֙ בְּטֻמְאָתָ֔ם בְּטַמְּאָ֥ם אֶת־מִשְׁכָּנִ֖י אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּתֹוכָֽם׃
Key words:
- וְהִזַּרְתֶּם (wehizzartem) = and you shall separate/warn (nazar H5144, Hiphil Perf 2mp)
- מִטֻּמְאָתָם (mittum'atam) = from their uncleanness
- וְלֹא יָמֻתוּ (welo yamutu) = and they shall not die (mut H4191, Qal Impf 3mp)
- בְּטֻמְאָתָם (betum'atam) = in their uncleanness
- בְּטַמְּאָם (betamme'am) = in their defiling (tame H2930, Piel Inf Construct + 3mp suffix)
- מִשְׁכָּנִי (mishkani) = MY dwelling-place (mishkan H4908 + 1cs suffix)
- בְּתוֹכָם (betokham) = in their midst
STRUCTURE: "And you shall separate the sons of Israel from their uncleanness, and they shall not die in their uncleanness, in their defiling MY DWELLING-PLACE that [is] in their midst."
The Piel of tame (betamme'am) = causative defilement: their uncleanness actively CAUSES defilement to the mishkan. The first-person suffix on mishkan (mishkani, "MY dwelling") underscores that this is GOD's personal dwelling being defiled. The consequence of not separating from uncleanness = death.
Ezekiel 36:17 -- The Defilement Metaphor¶
בֶּן־אָדָ֗ם בֵּ֤ית יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ יֹשְׁבִ֣ים עַל־אַדְמָתָ֔ם וַיְטַמְּא֣וּ אֹותָ֔הּ בְּדַרְכָּ֖ם וּבַעֲלִֽילֹותָ֑ם כְּטֻמְאַת֙ הַנִּדָּ֔ה הָיְתָ֥ה דַרְכָּ֖ם לְפָנָֽי׃
Key words:
- יֹשְׁבִים (yoshvim) = dwelling/sitting (yashav, Qal Participle mp)
- עַל אַדְמָתָם (al admatam) = upon their soil/land
- וַיְטַמְּאוּ (wayetamme'u) = and they defiled (tame H2930, Piel Wayyiqtol 3mp)
- אֹותָהּ (otah) = it (fem, = the land)
- בְּדַרְכָּם (bedarkham) = by their way
- וּבַעֲלִילֹותָם (uva'alilotam) = and by their deeds
- כְּטֻמְאַת (ketum'at) = as the uncleanness of (tum'ah H2932, Construct)
- הַנִּדָּה (hanniddah) = the menstruating/removed [woman] (niddah H5079)
- הָיְתָה (hayetah) = was (hayah, Qal Perf 3fs)
- דַרְכָּם (darkham) = their way
- לְפָנָי (lepanay) = before me (lit. to my face)
STRUCTURE: "Son of man, the house of Israel dwelling upon their land, and they defiled it by their way and by their deeds; as the uncleanness of menstruation was their way before my face."
The metaphor is striking: Israel's moral defilement is compared to niddah (menstrual uncleanness from Lev 15:19-31). This directly links the Levitical purity system vocabulary (tum'ah, niddah) to the prophetic indictment of moral sin. The same vocabulary that describes ritual defilement of the tabernacle (Lev 15:31) is used for the moral defilement of the land.